Manufactures and Trade
with a general industrial map by the Department of Trade and Manufactures Ministry of Finance
For the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
Editor of the English Translation John Martin Crawford
U. S. Consul general to Russia
Vol. I
St. Petersburg 1893
Väriä koskevia osia tekstistä.
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Textile Factories and the Cloth Industry.
s.550-553
As far as the value of products is concerned, the textile fabrics come immediately after the forest materials and foodstuffs.
The first place among these is occupied by cotton factories. As the proportion of cotton imported from America and East India for use in the factories of Finland appears to be the surest standard of the development of this branch of industry. [...]
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This increase [1896 to 1891; taulukko puuttuu] was chiefly the result of enlarged operations in the four factories that exist up to the present time, and besides which only one small factory has been opened during all this period. The largest of these cotton mills appears to be the one belonging to the firm of Finleyson and Company, of which mention has been made above, and that belonging to the joint- stock company, Forssa, which has also been already spoken of. The former of these two factories, during the years 1891 and 1892, opened a new spinning mill, in which a steam loom was put up, of 850 actual horse power, being by considerable the largest loom at work in the whole country.
The home production of cotton fabrics is not sufficient to supply local demands. The exportation of these goods for sale is restricted to the Russian Empire, the duty being at the rate of 70 kopecks per poud, to only 50,000 pouds, equal to 820,000 kilograms to be exported per annum; nor does the export of cotton fabrics ever exceed this normal figure.
The import of cotton fabrics for earlier years cannot be accurately stated, since in all the returns of imports from different parts of the Russian empire, thread and cotton fabrics of different kinds, cotton, flax and wool, are given promiscuously, since the different sorts were allowed to pass free of duty. In 1891, the value of imported cotton fabrics amounted to 5,591,308 marks, of which 3,468,495 marks formed the value of the imports from Russia, whilst these fabrics were exported to Russia to the value of 2,734,112 marks.
The woollen factories have during the last few years begun to occupy a more prominent place among the industrial establishments of the country. These factories carry out operations of two kinds. On the one hand, materials, sent for that purpose, are finished and made up; as for example, wool - spinning, the preparation of different materials and the dyeing and dressing of hand-work materials, as fulling, pressing, et cetera. These frequently form the principal operations of small mills and factories, and at the same time, are of more or less importance even in the largest mills. The other class of operations consists in the preparation of thread and materials upon the initiative of the factories themselves, for which kind of production foreign wool is principally used, since home- grown wool is generally too rough and short for the fabrication of fine goods. The import of wool, therefore, appears to be the most convenient standard of the activity of the factories in the preparation of woollen fabrics; [...]
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The export of woollen fabrics is very trifling. But on the other hand, woollen yarn was imported in 1891 to the value of 176,940 marks, and woollen materials to the sum of 7,095,613 marks, of which 2,379,559 marks form the value of goods imported from Russia. The local demand, therefore, presents a wide field for the future development of this industry.
There is in the whole of Finland but one flax mill, namely at Tammerfors. The production of native flax is not, however, sufficient to supply the quantity of the raw material required by the above-mentioned factory, after having supplied the demand for the home- weaving industry. Consequently, during the last few years, the factory has employed only four per cent of home-grown flax, and sixty per cent of Russian flax.
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A considerable portion of the products of this factory is designed for exportation to Russia. The value of the exports to Russia for 1891, according to the returns that have been made, may be calculated at above 2,000,000 marks. In this same year, yarn was imported to the value of 454,015 marks, of which 423,627 marks represent the value of yarn imported from Russia, and flax materials to the value of 617,453 marks, of which 205,947 marks represent the value of the imports from Russia.
The knitting industry was represented in 1891 by 5 factories, employing 223 workmen, and executing work to the value of 658,409 marks.
Besides the above-mentioned manufacturing industries, the preparation of textile stuffs forms a widely spread home occupation among the peasantry. The chief object of this village handwork industry is to supply the necessities of the household, and at the same time, to a small extent, to provide articles for general sale. This industry is in some places followed and practised in a more regular and settled manner, and merchants or companies furnish the weavers with yarn and patterns, and buy the woven goods of them for subsequent sale. Of these hand- woven goods, cotton stuffs prepared in the suburbs of the cities Borga and Joensuu, cloth and knitted stuffs prepared at Nystad, flaxen and twilled stuffs prepared to the south of Oesterbotten, and horse hair rugs prepared at Borga and Uleåborg, are well reputed and much valued. It is impossible to give even approximately any calculation as to the extent of this house industry, but there can be no doubt that it has greatly increased within the last few years. The interest with which peasant women throughout the country learn hand weaving, and the eagerness with which they attend the schools that have lately been established for giving instruction in weaving, may be cited as a proof of the progress it is making. Nearly all these schools have been founded by private individuals or benevolent societies, but in virtue of a long existing general law, they also receive a subvention from the Government, which exercises a certain control over their direction and administration. [...]
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The number of tailoring establishments in towns amounted in 1891 to 318, employing 1,520 workmen, and executing work to the value of 3,039,764 marks. Ready clothes were imported in the same year to the value of 2,185,081 marks, of which 1,155,899 marks represent the value of the imports from Russia.
These were in 1891 only two hat manufactories in the whole country, employing 112 workmen, and executing work to the value of 502,747 marks. In the 14 city trading establishments for preparing hats and caps, 65 workmen were employed, and the value of all goods prepared amounted to 69,903 marks. In the same year caps to the value of 229,773, of which from Russia to the value of 192,479 marks, were imported; and hats, to the value of 344,587 marks, of which were from Russia, to the value of 170,666 marks.
It must be remarked that a large number of caps and hats are also prepared in villages by home hand work. Winter sheepskin caps, more than any other kind, are prepared in this way. Villages also occupy themselves with making straw hats; and during the last few years measures have been taken to encourage this industry. Among such measures may be cited the establishment at Borga of a special school for instruction in making straw hats.
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Chemical industries.
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s.558
In the year 1891, there were 133 independent dyeing works, employing 286 workmen, and executing work to the value of 500,392 marks.
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Foreign trade.
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s. 568
IMPORT | Value in Finnish Marks. | Percentage. | Included value in Finnish Marks of Imports from Russia.
Colours and dyeing articles | 2,224,000 | 1.5 | 34,000
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The Finnish Customs Tariff.
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s.570-571
Chemical products. Free of duty: asphalt, bones and bone dust, manuring materials, tallow, stearine, train oil and other fat substances. Duty per 100 kilograms: alum, 2.40 marks; Chilian saltpetre, 0.90 marks; soda, 1.20 marks; saltpetre, 18.80 marks; muriatic and azotic acids, 2.40 marks; sulphuric acid, 4.70 marks; aniline dyes, 58.50 marks; dye woods 0.90 to 2.80 marks; dye stuffs, 17 to 82.40 marks; polishing varnish, 47.10 to 94.10 marks; fat oils, 11.80 to 35.30 marks; kerosene, 8.20 marks; turpentine, 4.70 marks; glue, 1.80 marks; cosmetic wares, 82.40 to 352.90 marks; candles and unscented soap, 21.20 marks; matches, 32.90 marks.
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