Manufactures and Trade
with a general industrial map by the Department of Trade and Manufactures Ministry of Finance
For the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
Editor of the English Translation John Martin Crawford
U. S. Consul general to Russia
Vol. I
St. Petersburg 1893
Väriä koskevia osia tekstistä.
First Period, 1822 to 1849.
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s.406
The tariff of 1822, with which this period opens, was preeminently a protective one. Amongst other products, it altogether forbade the importation of textile fabrics (except batiste and cambric kerchiefs), cotton stuffs, except a few of the simpler kinds, different sorts of cloths, most silk stuffs, writing and typographical paper, copper wares, glass and porcelain goods, the better sorts of earthen wares, and refined sugar. The import of cast-iron and iron by sea was forbidden; and a duty of 90 kopecks per poud was levied on cast iron, and 1 rouble 20 kopecks per poud on assorted iron, if imported by land. The strictly protective tendency of this tariff in all that related to home productions was not modified by the changes introduced into it by Count Kankrin. These changes, which were made with the view of increasing the customs revenue. mainly consisted in substituting for strict prohibitions the imposition of high duties, in raising the duty on imported goods with the aim of equalizing the duties imposed with the value of the goods taxed, and with their brisker or slower sale; and lastly, in reducing the duty on exported goods. Thus, in 1824, the duty on cotton yarn, unboiled sugar, spices, liquors, tobacco, and wrought metals, was raised. In 1825, the duty on silk stuffs was increased, and for the first time a duty was imposed on yarn dyed Turkey-red. In 1826, the prohibition laid by the tariff of 1822 was taken off different articles, and, among other goods, the importation under a high duty was permitted of mixed cotton stuffs, except printed, dyed, streaked, or embroidered cottons, linen kerchiefs, except printed and dyed ones, the finer sorts of silk stuffs, hats, and walking-sticks. It is interesting to notice that, with the view of encouraging sheep breeding in Russia, sheep shears were allowed to be imported free of duty. In 1830, further changes were made, and articles previously prohibited were now permitted to enter Russia "for the sake of quickening the home trade and affording models for home manufacturers." Towards the end of 1831, the duty on the more valuable sorts of wood used in joinery and carpentry, on indigo and other dyeing materials, on spices, oil, wine, et cetera, was raised.
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Second Period, 1850 to 1876.
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s. 409-410
The gradual change of the prohibitory system of the customs tariff for a protective policy began soon after Count Kankrin left the post of Minister of Finance. An Imperial ukase, of April 17, 1845, abolished the prohibition of the import of printed silk wares, trinkets, bronze and marble articles, watches, albums et cetera; in the mean time a free export was established for oil seeds, tea brought through Kiachta as a transit ware, and rope. On June 1, 1846, the Emperor sanctioned the opinion of the State Council, by which the export taxes on tallow, hemp, flax, and bone in lumps, were removed, while the duties levied on imported chemical products, faïence crockery, black and green cloth, highest sorts of lace, ostrich feathers, pomatum, coffee, spices, and some other foodstuffs were lowered, and the import of wares of platina permitted. The tariff of 1850 did still more in this direction.
The working out of this tariff began already at the end of the forties, the well-known economist Tengoborsky taking a part in it; and the following questions were considered: 1. the simplification of the tariff clauses; 2. the improvement in the classification of the wares, and the placing of duties more conformable to the value of the articles subjected to it; 3. the furthering of the home production by the competition with foreign goods, as well as by the lowering of taxes levied on different half-finished wares, and on the principal raw materials used in manufacture, such as chemical products and dyes; 4. the abolishing of such prohibition as was not absolutely necessary; 5. the lowering of certain of the duties which exceeded the degree, needed for the protection of the home industry, and could thereby injure the regular trade, and be prejudicial to the State revenues by encouraging smuggling; 6. to help the consumers, and further the development of the external trade by increasing the number of the articles for exchange; 7. to open new sources of revenues to the State Treasury, by allowing the import of such articles as were until then prohibited; and in general, to prepare the transition to the system of moderate protection.
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s.414-416
The following comparative figures will show the dimensions of the customs duties for the period 1850 to 1876. They refer to the principal articles of import according to the tariffs of 1841, 1857, and 1868. [Taulukossa vain väriaineet ja apuaineina käytetyt aineet.]
| GOODS. | Duties levied according to the tariffs of: | ||
| 1841. | 1857 | 1868. | |
| Roubles. | |||
| Indigo | 13.50 | 3.50 by sea 2.50 by land. | 3.00 |
| Ultramarine, per poud. | 300.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| White lead | 1.50 | 0.40 | 0.50 |
| Verdigris, per poud | 6.00 | 2.00 | - |
| Dye extracts, per poud | 5.80 | 1.60 by sea 1.20 by land | 2.50 1.50 |
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Third Period, 1877 to 1891.
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s.426
Later on, the duty was raised on soda, alum, ammonia, salts of ammonium, and fuming sulphuric acid as follows: in 1886 the duty on soda and caustic soda was 40 to 60 kopecks in gold per poud respectively, on fused alum and sulphate of aluminia, used instead of alum, from 25 to 30 kopecks, forming sulphuric acid from 22 to 60 kopecks in gold per poud. In 1887 the duty on ammonia, except sulphate of ammonia and ammonium salts, was raised from 22 kopecks to 1 rouble 20 kopecks, and on sulphate of ammonia from 22 to 50 kopecks in gold per poud. All these additional duties were levied for the purpose of arousing those chemical industries which possessed all requirements for independent development inside the country. Thus, the manufacture of soda, when the tax on salt was abolished, was enabled to use cheap raw material especially on the banks of the Kama in the government of Perm, and in the south. The protection given to the manufacture of ammonium salts was quite opportune, on account of the progress made by the gas works which furnished all the necessary materials, and also on account of the cheapness of hydrochloric acid, and enabled the dyeing and printing works to obtain materials of native manufacture. The stimulation of the alum manufacture by suitable duties was also indirectly a means of encouraging the production of sulphuric acid required for the preparation of alum and sulphate of alumina. The duty was also raised on dyeing materials, such as colouring extracts, from 1.50 to 2.50 roubles in gold per poud, on aniline and all other coal-tar dyes from 4.40 roubles to 15 roubles in gold per poud and on madder extract from 2.50 roubles to 15 roubles in gold per poud.
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Fourth Period, the tariff of 1891.
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s. 436-437
Chloride of lime pays a duty of 70 kopecks per poud under the tariff of 1891, whereas the former duty was only 44 kopecks; this increase was made to protect the manufacture of soda in the Empire. In taxing vinegar powder, the duty to be imposed on vinegar itself was taken into consideration. Russia has all the conditions necessary for producing vinegar powder; nevertheless, during the preceding tariff, a reproduction of foreign powder took place in Poland. Many chemical and apothecary goods, not mentioned separately, paid a duty of 2.40 roubles gold per poud. But it was discovered that products of very different value were taxed alike, and that for some of them the duty of 2.40 roubles was too small. Therefore, in 1891, products requiring a higher duty were taxed separately, thus: silver, gold, and platinum salts, 8 roubles gold per poud; benzoic, tannic, citric, salicylic, sulphuric, chromic, gallic, and pyrogallic acids, 6 roubles gold per poud. In the wood production, special effort has been made to encourage the manufacture of white resin, the duty on which is increased from 13 to 40; and on turpentine, from 40 to 60 kopecks per poud, as the getting of products from wood by dry distillation was one of the most ancient industries of Russia, especially developed in the rich forest regions of the north- eastern part of the Empire. To protect such ancient industries was one of the principal aims of the tariff of 1891. The duties on colouring materials and dye stuffs have not been subject to such great changes as the other sections of the chemical group, statistics having shown that dyestuffs, print- stamps and the like, so much developed in Russia of late years, have been supplied by home production. The duty has been increased on some preparatives, which have a great trade importance, and the home production of which would be very desirable, for example: on artificial pigments, produced during the distillation of gas tar, the duty is raised from 15 to 17 roubles gold per poud; ultramarine and smalt in powder, from 2.65 to 3.30 roubles gold per poud; verdigris and other brass colours, the duty on the former being raised from 3.30 to 4, and for other colours, from 2.20 to 4 roubles gold per poud.
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