Flora Scotica: or, a systematic arrangement, in the Linnæan method, of the native plants of Scotland and the Hebrides.
Lontoo 1777.
VOL. I & II
VOL. I
IRIS pseudacorus; IRIS corollis imberbibus, petalis interioribus stigmate minoribus, foliis ensiformibus.
(Yellow Water Flower-de-luce. Anglis. Seilifdeir. Gaulis.)
In Arran, and some of the Western isles, the roots are used to dye black; and in Jura they are boil'd with copperas to make ink.
GALIUM verum.; GALIUM foliis octonis linearibus sulcatis, ramis floriferis brevibus.
(Yellow Ladies Bedstraw. Anglis. Rù. Gaulis.)
In Arran, and some of the Western islands, the inhabitants make a strong decoction of this herb, and use it as a runnet to curdle milk : and in Jura, Uist, and Lewis, &c. I was inform'd they used the roots to dye a very fine red, not inferior to that from madder itself, but the roots are small.
Anthriscus sylvestrisCHÆROPHYLLUM sylvestre; CHÆROPHYLLUM caule lśvi striato, geniculis tumidiusculis.
(Wild Cicely or Cow-weed. Anglis.)
The leaves will dye wool of a green and yellow color.
SAMBUCUS nigra; SAMBUCUS cymis quinquepartitis, caule arborco.
(Common Elder. Anglis. An druman. Gaulis.)
The berries are also used to make a wine, which has something of the flavor of frontiniac; and in some countries they dye cloth of a brown color with them.
VACCINIUM myrtillus; VACCINIUM pedunculis unifloris, foliis serratis
ovatis deciduis, caule angulato.
(Black-Whorts, Whortle-Berries, or Billberries. Anglis. Lus nan-dearc. Gaulis.)
They dye a violet color, but it requires to be fix'd with alum.
ERICA cinerea; ERICA antheris bicornibus inclusis, corollis ovatis racemosis, foliis ternis glabris linearibus.
(Fine-leav'd Heath. Anglis. Hather. Scotis. Fraoch. Gaulis.)
Heath or Hather is apply'd to many oeconomical purposes amongst the Highlanders: they frequently cover their houses with it instead of thatch, or else twist it into rapes, and bind down the thatch with them in a kind of lattice-work: in most of the Western isles they dye their yarn of a yellow color, by boiling it in water with the green tops and flowers of this plant: in Rum, Skye, and the Long-Island, they frequently tan their leather in a strong decoction of it: formerly the young tops are said to have been used alone to brew a kind of ale, and even now I was inform'd that the inhabitants of Isia and Jura still continue to brew a very potable liquor by mixing two thirds of the tops of hather to onethird of malt.
Persicaria maculosaPOLYGONUM persicaria; P. floribus hexandris. digynis; spicis ovato oblongis, foliis lanceolatis, stipulis ciliatis.
(Dead or Spotted Arsmart. Anglis.)
A decoction of the plant with alum dyes a yellow color.
Persicaria hydropiperPOLYGONUM hydropiper; POLYGONUM floribus hexandris semidigynis, foliis lanceolatis, stipulis submuricis.
(Water Pepper or Arsmart. Anglis.)
A decoction of it dyes a yellow color.
RESEDA luteola; RESEDA foliis lanceolatis integris basi utrinque unidentatis, calycibus quadrifidis.
(Wild-woad, Yellow-weed, or Dyers-weed. Anglis.)
This plant is cultivated and much used for dying woollen and silk of a yellow color. The fresh herb, shredded and boil'd, or dry'd and reduc'd to a powder, are the ways of using it.
PRUNUS spinosa. // P. pedunculis solitariis, folus anceolaris glabris, ramis spinosis.
(The Black-thorn, or Sloe-tree. Anglia. The Slae Scotis. An droighionn, preas-nan-airneag. Gaulis.)
The bark of this shrub has been used by empirics to cure the ague. It will dye woollen of a red color. The juice of it, with vitriol or copperas, will make a good ink; and the fruit will make a very grateful and fragnant wine.
CRATÆGUS oxycantha; CRATÆGUS folius obtusis subtrifidis serratis.
(The Hawthorn, or White-Thorn, or Quick. Anglis. An sgitheach. Gaulis.)
A decoction of the bark with copperas is used by the highlanders to dye black.
PYRUS inolus; PYRUS foliis serratis, umbellis sessilibus.
(The Crab-Tree or Wilding, when improv'd, the Apple-Tree. Anglis. Abhal-fiadhaich. Gaulis. )
The bark will dye woollen of a citron color.
COMARUM palustre
(Purple Marsh Cinquefoil. Anglis.)
The roots will dye wool of a red color, and have astringency enough to tan leather.
NYMPHÆA alba; N. foliis cordatis integerrimis, calyce quadrifido.
(White Water Lilly. Auglis. An duilleag-bhàit', Rabhagach. Gaulis.)
The root has an astringent and bitter taste, like the roots of most aquatic plants that run deep into the mud. The highlanders make a dye with it of a dark chesnut color.
THALICTRUM flavum; THALICTRUM caule folioso sulcato, panicula multiplici erecta.
(Meadow Rue. Anglis.)
The root and leaves will dye a yellow color.
ORIGANUM vulgare; ORIGANUM fpicis subrotundis paniculatis conglomeratis, bracteis calyce longioribus ovatis.
(Wild Marjoram. Anglis.)
It dyes yarn of a deep red color.
GERANIUM sylveticum; GERANIUM pedunculis bifloris, foliis subpeltatis - quinquelobis inciso-serratis, caule erecto, petalis emarginatis.
/(Mountain Crane's-bill. Anglis.
The flowes are used by the Icelanders to dye a violet color.
GENISTA tinctoria; GENISTA foliis lanceolatis glabris, ramis striatis teretibus erectis.
(Dyer's -weed, or Wood-waxen.) Anglis.
This plant is well known to dye yarn and cloth with a bright yellow color.
HYPERICUM perforatum; H. floribus trigynis, caule ancipiti, foliis obtusis
pellucido-punctatis.
(St. John's Wort. Anglis. Achlasan-Challum chille. Gaulis.)
The dried plant boiled in water with alum, dyes yarn of a yellow color, and the Swedes give a fine purple tinge to their spiritous ers with the flowers.
SERRATULA tinctoria; SERRATULA foliis lyrato-pinnatifidis; pinna terminali maxima, flosculis conformibus.
(Saw wort. Anglis.)
Ir dyes cloth of an exceeding fine yellow color, preferable to the Luteola or Genista; and the color stands well when fix'd with alum.
BIDENS minima β; BIDENS foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus, floribus cernuis, seminibus erectis.
(Nodding Water-hemp-agrimony, or Bur-marygold. Anglis.)
This has nearly the same virtues with the preceding [Bidens cernua], but rather in an inferior degree. It also dyes yellow.
SENECIO aquaticus γ;
(Water Ragwort. Anglis.)
The leaves of these plants have a bitter and somewhat acrid taste: a decoction of them will dye green, but the colour does not stand well.
INULA helenium; INULA foliis amplexicaulibus ovatis rugolis, subtus tomentosis, calycum squamis ovatis.
Elecampane. Angliis.
The root is acrid, bitter, and aromatic: a conserve of it stands recommended in asthmas, and other disorders of the breast and lungs, as good to promote expectoration. The decoction of it in water, or an infusion in wine, or a spirituous extract, are also extoll'd as a stomachic and sudorific, and are therefore preicrib'd in crudities of the stomach, bad digestions, the hypochondria, and contagious diseases. Outwardly applied, a decoction of it is said; to cure the itch. - Bruised and macerated in urine, with balls of alhes and whortle berries, it dyes a blue colour.
VOL. II
BETULA alba; BETULA foliis ovatis acuminatis serratis.
(The Birch Tree. Anglis. Birk. Scotis. Am beatha. Gaulis.)
The leaves are a fodder for sheep and goats, and yield a yellow dye.
BETULA nana; BETULA foliis orbiculatis crenatis.
(Dwarf Birch. Anglis.)
The leaves of this dye a better yellow than those of the preceeding.
BETULA alnus; BETULA pedunculis ramosis.
(The Alder Tree. Anglis. Eller. Scotts. Am fearna, Gaulis.)
The knots furnish a beautiful vein'd wood for cabinets, and the branches make good charcoal. The bark will dye yarn of a fuscous colour; and the Laplanders tinge their leathern garments red - with saliva after masticating the inner bark.
The Highlanders dye their yarn of a black colour, by boiling it with the bark mixed with copperas.
The leaves have been sometimes used in tanning leather, and sheep will feed on them and the smaller branches.
URTICA dioica; URTICA folus oppofitis cordatis, racemis geminis.
(Common stinging Nettle. Anglis. Feanntag, Deantag. Gaulis.)
The roots boil'd with allum will dye yarn of a yellow colour.
QUERCUS robur; QUERCUS folis deciduis oblongis superne latioribus, sinubus aculioribus angulis obtusis.
(The common Oak. Anglis. An darach. Gaulis.)
Besids the grand purposes to which the timber is applied in navigation and architecture, and the bark in tanning of leather, there are other uses, of less consequence, to which the different parts of this tree have been referred.
The highlanders use the bark to dye their yarn of a brown colour, or, mixed with copperas, of a black colour. They callthe oak © The king of all the trees in the forest,” and the herdsmen would think himself and his flock unfortunate if he had not a staff of it.
The expressed juice of the galls or oak- apples (excrescencies occasioned by a small inset call'd a Cynips) mixed with vitriol and gum-arabic, will make ink.
CARPINUS betulus; CARPINUS squamis strobilorum planis.
(The horn-beam tree, or Horse Beech-tree. Anglis.)
Very neat espalier hedges, by the sides of gardenwalks, are often form'd of the young trees: the inner bark will dye yarn of a yellow colour, and cattle are fond of the leaves.
SALIX pentandra; SALIX foliis serratis glabris, flosculis pentandris.
(Sweet bay-leay'd Willow.)
The Swedes in Scania dye a yellow colour with the leaves.
SALIX alba; SALIX foliis lanceolatis acuminatis ferratis utrinque pubescentibus, ferraturis infimis glandulotis.
(Common white Willow. Anglis. Seileach. Gaulis.)
The bark will tan leather and dye yarn of a cinnamon colour, and is of a quality so ery astringent that in a scruple to a dose it has been found of great service in intermittent fevers.
EMPETRUM nigrum; EMPETRUM procuimbens.
(Black-berried Heath, Crow, or Crake-berries. Anglis. Preas-nam-Fiantag. Fiantaga. Dearca-fitchich. Gaulis.)
The Highlanders frequently eat the berries, but they, are no very desirable fruit. If taken too copiously they are reported sometimes to bring a light head-ach. Boil'd in allum-water they dye yarn of a black fuscous colour.
MYRICA gale; MYRICA foliis lanceolatis subferratis, caule suffruticoso.
(Gale, Goule, Sweet Willow, or Dutch Myrtle. Anglis. Roid. Gaulis. Gaul. Scotis.)
The Swedes dye their yarn with of a yellow colour, and sometimes use a strong decoction of it to kill bugs and lice, and to cure the itch.
VALANTIA cruciata; VALANTIA floribus masculis bad peduuculis diphyllis
(Cross-wort, or Mugweed. Anglis.)
The plant, particularly the roots, will dye a red colour.
LICHEN calcareus; LICHEN leprosus candidus, tuberculis atris.
(Black-nobb'd Dyer's Lichen. Anglis.)
Dillenius relates, that this Lichen is used in dying a red colour, in the fame manner as the L. tartareus hereafter mentioned; and I doubt not but the foregoing would answer he same intention, when found upon rocks; neither do I think that the gatherers distinguish between them.
LICHEN tartareus; LICHEN crustaceus ex albido virescens, scutellis flavescentibus, margine albo.
(Large yellow-saucer'd Dyer's Lichen. Anglis. Corcar. Gaulis.)
This Lichen is much used by the Highlanders in dying fa fine claret or pomadour colour.
For this purpose, after scraping it from the rocks, and cleaning it, they steep it in usrine for a quarter of a year. Then, taking it out, they make it into cakes, and hang them up in bags to dry. These cakes are afterwards pulverized, and the powder is used to impart the colour, with an addition of allum to fix it.
LICHEN parellus; LICHEN crustaceus albus, peltis concavis obtusis pallidis.
(Crawfish-eye Lichen.)
The French call this Lichen Parelle, and dye a red colour with it.
LICHEN parietinus; LICHEN imbricatus, foliis crispis fulvis, peltis concoloribus fulvis.
(Common yellow Wall-Lichen. Anglis.)
It is affirm'd to dye a good yellow or orange-colour, if fixed with allum.
LICHEN calicaris; LICHEN floaceus erectus linearis ramosus lacunosus convexus mucronatus
(Beaked Lichen. Anglis.)
It will dye a red colour, and promises, in that intention, to rival the famous L. Roccella, or Argol, which is brought from the Canary islands, and sometimes sold at the price of 80l. sterling per ton. It was formerly used instead of starch to make hair-powder.
LICHEN juniperus; LICHEN foliaceus laciniatus crispus, fulvus, peltis lividis.
(Common yellow Tree Lichen. Anglis.)
The Gotland-Swedes dye their yarn of a yellow colour with it, and give it as a specific in the jaundice.
LICHEN coccifera; LICHEN scyphifer simplex integerrimus, stipite cylindrico, tuberculis coccineis.
(Scarlet-tipp'd Cup Lichen. Anglis.)
The tubercles, steep'd in an alcaline Lixivium, are said to dye a sine durable red colour.
LICHEN barbatus; LICHEN filamentosus pendulus subarticulatus, ramis patentibus.
(Bearded Lichen. Anglis.)
Its quality is astringent, like the preceding. When steep'd for some time in water it acquires an orange colour, and, according to Dillenius, is used in Pensylvania to dye with that colour.
LICHEN vulpinus; LICHEN filanmentosus ramosissimus erectus saftigiatus insequali-angulosus.
(Gold wiry Lichen. Anglis.)
Linneaus informs us, that the inhabitants of Smoland, in Sweden, dye their yarn of a yellow color with this lichen: and that he Norwegians destroy wolves by stuffing dead carcases with this moss reduced to powder, and mix's with pounded glass, and so exposing them in the winter season to be devoured by those animals.
APPENDIX.
GALIUM verum.
I have asserted tha tthe Highlanders use the roots of this plant to dye a red color.
Their manner of doing it is this: they first strip the bark off the roots, in which bark the virtue principally lies. They then boil the roots thus stripped in water, to extract what little virtue remains in them; and after taking them odo0diut, they last of all put the bark into the liquor, and boil that and the yarn they intend to dye together, adding allum 'to fix the color.
RHAMNUS catharticus; RHAMNUS spinis terminalibus, floribus quadrifidis dioicis, foliis ovatis, caule erecto.
The juice of the unripe berries with allum, dyes a yellow color; of the ripe ones, a green color.
The bark also dyes yellow.
SAMBUCUS nigra.
(Druman, Droman. Gaulis.)
The bark of this with copperas is used by the Highlanders to dye a black color.
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