The Natural Organic Colouring Matters
By
Arthur George Perkin, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.I.C., professor of colour chemistry and dyeing in the University of Leeds
and
Arthur Ernest Everest, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C., of the Wilton Research Laboratories; Late head of the Department of Coal-tar Colour Chemistry; Technical College, Huddersfield
Longmans, Green and Co.
39 Paternoster Row, London
Fourth Avenue & 30th Street, New York
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
1918
Kaikki kuvat (kemialliset kaavat) puuttuvat // None of the illustrations (of chemical formulas) included.
Barberry or berberry, Berberis vulgaris, is a compact bush which attains to a height of from 8-10 feet, and is found wild in Great Britain and throughout most parts of Europe and North America. The colouring matter present is berberine, and this, though occurring mainly in the bark, is also present in the stem and root of the plant.
Until recently a concentrated commercial extract of this material, known as "Barberry extract," was to be found on the market, and employed for dyeing silk and leather. It does not appear to have been at any time extensively used for these purposes, and is now apparently obsolete.
Barberry is, however, interesting, in that it contains the only natural basic dyestuff at present known, and may, in fact, be applied to fabrics in the same way as the artificial basic colouring matters. Silk and wool, for instance, may be dyed yellow by means of a faintly acidulated decoction of the material, preferably at from 50-60°, whereas for cotton, a tannin antimony mordant is necessary.
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Numerous plants contain berberine, and though most of these have been or are used medicinally, their employment for dyeing has apparently been of rare occurrence. The following list embodies most of these:
Berberis aquifolium (Gordin, Arch. Pharm., 1902, 240, 146),
B. oetnensis (Perkin, Chem. Soc. Trans., 1897, 71, 1198), Cossinium fenestratum and Xanthorrisa aquifolia (Perrins, Annalen, 83, 276),
Hydrastis canadensis (Mahla, Amer. Chem. J., [2], 33, 843), Coptis aceta and C. trifolia, Chelidonium majus and Stylophorum diphyllum (Schlotterbeck, Amer. J. Pharm., 1902, 74, 584),
Evodia meliafolia and Toddalia aculeata (Perkin and Hummel, Chem. Soc. Trans., 67, 414),
Xanthoxylum clava Herculis (Chevallier and Pelletan, Journ. de Chim. Medicale, 1826, 2, 314),
yellow Assam wood or "Woodumpar" (Crookes' "Dyeing and Calico Printing"),
Coeloeline polycarpa (Stenhouse, Annalen, 66, 384; 69, 40), Archangelisa lemnis-cata (Becc.) and
Mahonia nepalensis (D.C.), (Brooks' Philippine Journ. of Science, 1910, v., 442).
For the commercial preparation of berberine the Hydrastis canadensis, which contains about 4 per cent, of the alkaloid, forms the best available material.
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