XVIII. Dye-houses. s. 319-323 (View of the Russian Empire. Improving Industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

¹ Lycopodium complanatum. Keltalieko, nykyään Diphasiastrum complanatum

² Concerning the art of dyeing among the Morduanes, which is nearly the same with that here described, see Lepekhin's journal, tom. i. p. 74.

³ Adonis verna. kevätruusuleinikki, Adonis vernalis?

⁴ Genista tinctoria.
⁵ Carduus heterophylla. Huopaohdake, nykyään Cirsium heterophyllumWhere silks, cottons, woollen stuffs and linens are dyed, are: two in Mosco, and one in St. Petersburg. These however are not to be compared with the large dye-houses which here belong to the cloth, cotton, and silk manufactories, and where certainly many goods are dyed as well as any that are done abroad. Besides - domestic dyeing is a very customary business with the Russian housewives in the country, as well as among the wild Siberian nations, to which end they generally use the plants that grow wild in their districts. In most of the countries bordering on the Volga, for instance, where there is a great deal of dyeing, the ordinary process is this: the principal material in these dyes is the moss that grows plentifully in all the marshy pine-forests of Russia¹, and is generally known and used under the name of selenitza. This herb is pulverized and made into a strongly acid quas in the usual way with meal, and which serves as an infusion to almost all colours. In this the woollen yarn, which is to be dyed, is put to soak for one night or more; it is then rinsed and dried, by which it receives a yellowish hue, and takes the other colours better and more durably. The common people, who are unacquainted with the properties of alum, practise scarcely any other preparation than this, and in general for all dyes. The Morduanes², Tichuvasches, and Tartars, instead of this moss employ sometimes the herbs of the yellow spring flowers³, sometimes the common wormwood with a little addition of broom⁴, but moftly, and with the best success, the leaves, which dye of an agreeable yellow, of a certain thistle⁵, and with which they dye green the wool that is previously dyed blue with indigo or woad. Some Russians put with the moss-powder a small matter of broom, [drok,] among the quas with which the wool is prepared.

¹ Anthemis tinctoria.

² Serratula; in russ, serpucha.

³Bidens tripartita: russ, tscheryode.

⁴ In russ, mariona, which is commonly the root of gallium mollugo, or asperula tinctoria

⁵ Arundo calamogrostris; russ, mietlika.

⁶ A merchant of Novgorod, named Popof, made several experiments with indigo prepared from an herb growing very frequently about Novgorod, which was thought by appearances to be a species of anil. This indigo was found, after repeated trials, to be in no respect inferior to the American. The death of this person, which happened soon after, was a check to the fabric, from which it never recovered. The experiments were made in the year 1748. Albaum, tom. i. p. 274. - The herb was probably, not anil, but wild woad. - Another woad fabric near Pensa, belonging to the merchant Tavleyef, is mentioned by Dr. Pallas, travels tom i. p. 75; but the dye is said to be indifferent, and not latting.

⁷ Tagetes.

*1 korpipaatsama, Frangula alnusThe most usual dyeing herbs are: for a bright yellow, the flowers of the yellow camomile¹, which in some places is called pupavka; the broom and the dye-thistle². For dyeing deep yellow, the water-burdock³: for deep red, the wild-madder or krap⁴. For staining a bright crimson the common duschitza or origanum is taken. Green is best dyed on blue wool with the forementioned yellow-dyeing herbs or birch leaves; but many have the art of dyeing by boiling with an addition of alum from the unblown ears of fedge⁵, a deep green, and from the berries of the faulbaum*1, kruschina, a yellow-green colour. But for dyeing blue no domestic dye is yet in use, excepting that in Little-Russia they dye blue with the woad that grows wild there⁶.

Moreover, the people buy woad and indigo, or logwood, and proceed with them in the ordinary method. For dyeing yellow with broom, the powder is put into the very same quas in which the wool has been prepared, in such quantity as to give the compound the consistence of porridge. The wool must first lie a week in the moss alone, then a few days longer in the quas with broom. To beautify the colour the wool is washed repeatedly in lye, after it has been wrung and dried. The dye-thistle is boiled in water alone, or at most with a trifling addition of alum, and the yarn prepared with the quas is dyed in it boiling.

With the flowers of the yellow-camomile, as likewise with almost all the faint-coloured flowers⁷ that commonly grow in gardens, are dyed both wool and silk; but especially with the latter, it requires some skill to hit exactly the proper addition of alum. The herb of the water-burdock gathered young yields, in water alone, if boiled with a little alum, a beautiful deep yellow, which, by a small addition of wild-madder, becomes more brilliant, and by frequent dyeing is more and more lively. The wild-madder is, like the generality of plants, pounded in wooden mortars or ground to powder in hand-mills, and made into a thick gruel with water, and set to stand the whole night in a warm oven. The following day more water is added to dilute the gruel, and the madder is strongly boiled. Some, for the sake of heightening the colour, previously seeth some young oak-bark or birch-bark in the water, but the Tschuvasches put water among it. Ever after the concoction is red enough for them, they dye their wool three or four times or oftener; at first lukewarm, but the last time boiling, letting it dry after every repetition. If now the colour be fine enough for them, the yarn is washed in the river and dried. By an addition of the water-burdock-herb, dye-thistle, broom or carduus heterophyllus, the colour is brighter and pleasanter. The finest tincture is given by that black-red powder which first separates, on gently pounding, from the root, and is the proper dyeing bark of it.

⁸ The Kozak-women on the Samara dye red also with the polish cochineal, tsehervetz. They lay the yarn which they intended to dye in a thoroughly four quas, then add alum, and let the vessel with it stand 24 hours in the oven. Then it is wrung out and dried; but the tschervetz is grated in a pan, boiled with water, and when all the dyeing particles are thoroughly extracted, the yarn is put in and boiled once more. With one handful they dye about as much as is necessary for two of the sashes, which they wear, or about a pound of wool. The colour, however, looks no better than that obtained by the common duschitza, or origanum, only that it is more permanent.

⁹Pallas, travels, tom. i. p. 203. The process, with the duschitza or origanum is somewhat more prolix. The herb is gathered in bloom and chiefly the summits of the flowers, which are all dried in the oven and pulverized. In spring young twigs that have fallen off the wild or uncultivated apple-trees must likewise be collected, and also pulverized. Of both they take equal parts; others will only allow of one part apple-twigs to two parts of the dye-herb. To the fourth part are added some grains, gustscha, stirring all well together with water, and it is set by with some yeast to ferment. As soon as the composition is four, it is pressed out with the hands, and then spread out the whole night in a warm oven, frequently stirring it about. The dry compound is lastly boiled in clean water, and the dye is ready, for which the yarn must be already prepared in the usual manner. Some, not so circumstantial, take equal parts of the herb and the apple-twigs, and boil them both together, with a small addition of alum; but by this method the red obtained is by no means so fine⁸. The colour afforded by this herb is the finest of all the dyes which the country-people know how to prepare. In general the colours prepared by these several means look well to the eye, and many of them stand washing without being subject to fade⁹.

XVII. Manufactories of colours for dye-houses. s. 319 (View of the Russian Empire. Improving Industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

Works of this kind, where white-lead, minium, berlin-blue, paint, verdigris, and in some also sealing-wax, are made, are these: in Mosco two; at Verea one; at Tula one; at Kosttroma three; in Savík three; in Vologda three; at St. Petersburg three. Where only sealing-wax is made: in Vologda two; in St. Petersburg two; with a few others of less note in different places.

Birch. s. 194 (View of the Russian Empire. Productive industry. Forest-culture.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

Among the umbrageous trees the BIRCH is the commonest, which by an economical use of it is serviceable in various ways. The bark of this tree is employed in tanning and in preparing tar, likewise a multitude of cylindrical vessels are made of it, for holding kaviar, butter, fruits, and other articles. With the leaves a yellow'dye is made; the sap affords a well-tasted liquor called birch-wine, and the wood is consumed as fuel in the houses as well as at the mines and manufactories.

Dyeing. s. 136-139 (View of the Russian Empire. Agriculture. Productive industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

[---]

Now that we are on the subject of the products from the vegetable kingdom that furnish materials for the loom, it will not be inexpedient to enumerate the plants employed in the mystery of DYEING. Russia,as well as some other european countries, neglects the fine dyeing materials, which are partly procured from remote parts of the world for the service of domestic industry; but she also begets a multitude of wild-growing herbs, flowers, roots, and mosses used in dyeing, the more sedulous collection or proper culture whereof might render unnecessary these foreign products. MADDER, or the red dye, grows WILD, but sparingly, on the banks of the Oka, near Riasan and Arsamas, on the borders of the Volga, in the confines of Sysran and Saratof Saratof, and in great quantities and of superior quality about the Samara, in Taurida, on the Terek, and in several districts of the caucasean government. This useful plant is nowhere properly cultivated; but in the regions of the Terek, along the Kura and Kuma, it is gathered in considerable abundance. As this however is not near sufficient for the demands of the inland manufactories, and Russia is obliged annually to make considerable purchase of red dyes, it would certainly be worth while to attend to the plantation of this vegetable, which in the foregoing districts would produce as good a commodity as that procured from Holland and Erfurt, if it were only gathered in autumn and not dried in the heat of a subterranean oven, but under sheds in the open air. The culture of madder is still in another respect of consequence to Russia, as in the collecting alone of the wild plants much time is lost that might be more beneficially employed. ¹ Cruciata palustris maxima.

² For example: galium boreale, mollugo, asperula tinctoria, &c. The origan, organy, wild, or bastard marjoram, or wild mint, in russ duschitza, a very common plant, yields also a fine crimson red, which might be successfully employed in dyeing. Guldenstædt, akad. rede, &c. sect. 51Two men who should cultivate madder in the above-mentioned districts, where the soil and the climate are so propitious to it, would easily gain as much by it, as ten do now, who perhaps will shortly have nothing more to get, as by their present manner of proceeding this useful plant will very soon be entirely eradicated. Likewise in the governments of Ufa, Kazan, Voronetch, Ekatarinoslaf, Kharkof, Braglaf, &c. as well as in Little-Russia, the red dyes would thrive in a moist and fruitful soil. In several of the provinces we have specified, there are other wild plants resembling madder; but, except the mariona¹, sufficiently known among the Kozaks of the Don, they are not entitled to any particular notice².

³Isatis tinctoria.

⁴Isatis lusitanica, Linn.After indigo the principal material for dyeing blue and green is WOAD; Russia buys of both every year to a considerable amount. The plant which produces indigo grows only in India, and therefore requires a much hotter climate than Russia anywhere possesses; consequently it is the more necessary to multiply the woad-plantations, as woad may not only supply in many cases the want of indigo, but as the blue of the former in fact deserves the preference. It is the more to be expected that the culture of this plant must be attended with good success, as both the real woad³, and a very similar variation of it⁴ are seen WILD in several of the Southern governments. The former grows spontaneously on the left shore of the Volga near Sysran, about Pensa, near Omsk in Siberia, but most plentifully in the Ukraine, and in the territory of Mosdok; the latter likewise abounds on the Oka, the Sura, and the Volga. In the governments of Pensa, Saratof, and Voronetch, considerable woad-plantations have already been made for some years past, which therefore probably may afford seeds sufficient for their farther propagation.

SAFFRON which is used both as a colour and as a drug, and is likewise an article of importation, grows WILD about the Terek, in the governments of Voronetch and Ekatarinoslaf, in Taurida, and especially in the caucasean mountains about Mosdok. The spring-saffron, growing in the first-mentioned district, is fit for little as a dye, and as a drug for nothing; but the autumnal saffron, gathered in Caucasus, is serviceable in both respects, and bulbs might therefore be obtained here as well as from Persia, which there is no doubt would succeed in the southern circles of Caucasus and Taurida.

⁵ Carthamus tinctorius.The consumption of SAFFLOWER⁵ is nearly as common, it being employed by the silk-dyers in preparing the flesh and rose-colours. Russia still continues to buy this commodity from the foreigner, the foreigner, notwithstanding that the plant thrives perfectly well in the gardens at Toropetz, Mosco, Tzaritzin, Poltava, and other places, so that, excepting the northern provinces, it might be raised almost everywhere.

⁶ Guldenstædt's, akademische rede, &c. § 51-54.Besides these four capital species, there is in Russia still a vast variety of more vulgar dyeing plants which might be employed to great advantage. Thus, for instance, a blue colour is got from the ash-bark, with which experiments ought to be to made, as that tree is in general very plenty, and in some districts there is even a great surplus of it. For red colours the Russian empire has already many materials, and might have many more; but in a far greater quantity still are the plants for yellow dyes, which moreover mostly grow wild. By these materials various shades, and by a mixture with the reds even an orange colour might be produced, which would render numbers of expensive foreign drugs for dyeing quite unnecessary.⁶

Living Cochineal.

The Textile Colourist 2, 1876

Mr. W. Schönlank, of Berlin, has succeeded in bringing to that city a species of large cactus covered with living cochineal insects; this extreme rarity for that latitude may be inspected by visitors in the reptile house of the Zoological Gardens of Berlin, where it has apparently found suitable quarters.

- Färber Zeitung.

Anteckningar om församlingarne i Kemi Lappmark (osia)

Anteckningar om församlingarne i Kemi-Lappmark af And. Joh. Sjögren. Helsingfors. Tryckt hos J. Simelii Enka, 1828

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[s.39] Till slöjder saknar allmogen både skicklighet, industri och tid. Spånad och våfnad idkas af qvinnorna till husbehof, äfvensom de väl förstå färga sina hemväfda tyger. Karlarne förfärdiga sjelfva alla sina redskap och kärl, stundom och i synnerhet mot gränsen ser man dock ryska skålar nyttjas.

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[s.95-96] Större delen af karlarne gå ännu i grått valmar, dels i rockar, men ån mer i korta jackor och långbyxor. De gråa korta jackorna börja dock allt mer hos de yngre redan utbytas mot blåa, med blanka knappar. Hustrurna gå alla vanligen med enkla bindmössor både hemma och ute; flickorna deremot hemma med löst hår eller hafva de vid sin helgedagsdrägt en duk ombunden. Också hos dem synes en blå tröja höra till staten. För öfrigt åro yllekjortlar, med några ränder af mörkare färger, eller ock kjortlar af bomullstyg vanliga, och många förstå äfven att rätt skickligen ombinda sin halsduk.

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[s.207-208] Såsom fiskare-Lappar i allmänhet bilda öfvergången till en högre cultur, så hafva de äfven gjort någon början med handaslöjder, såsom spånad och väfnad. Af dem vid Teno väfves till och med till afsalu åt fjäll-Lappar eller utbyte mot renar. Också förstå deras qvinnor att färga rödt med rötterne af så kallade Maaderraasek, hvilka med en hacka uppgräfvas utur jorden. edan garnet först blifvit färgadt gult med en uppkokning af gula blomster, färgas det på samma sätt rödt uti en uppkokning af de nämnda rötterna. Konsten är väl ifrån Finland, och sjelfva namnet tyckes vara lånt ifrån det finska Matara (galium boreale), som af qvinnorna i Finland likaledes användes att färga rödt, I likhet med dessa färgar man ock i Utsjoki blått med Indigo. Men anmärkas bör, att en del af de så kallade Fiskare-Lapparne egenteligen äro Finnar, eller åtminstone afkomlingar af sådana.

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[s. 244-246] Äfven Klädedrägten är ganska enkel och nästan lika för båda könen, utom hufvudbonaden. Karlarnes kappir är mycket enkel, liknande de i Finland, i synnerhet uti Åbo län, brukliga, efter formen så kallade patalakki, af 4 genom sjelfva sömmen utmärkta afdelningar. I sednare tider hafva höga Ryska, så kallade kuskmössor, med brämer omkring kommit i bruk, men den ursprungliga formen skall vara den förstnämnda runda, enklare. Qvinnornas kappirak deremot hafva likhet med brännvinspannor, bäras af både gifta och ogifta och på alla tider utan undantag. Den består af 2 afdelningar, af hvilka den nedre efter hvars och ens råd och lågenhet antingen af enfärgadt eller brokigt tyg, betäcker sjelfva hufvudet och går ned anda till öfver öronen. Den öfre afdelningen af samma slags tyg, men merendels af en annan färg, eller åtminstone försedd med annorlunda färgade ränder, är förbunden med den nedre genom en öfversydd, lång, rund och smal basis, befästad genom ett stycke horn eller träd.

Peskerna äfvensom i allmänhet hela Lappklädnaden, äro tillslutne och påklädas öfver hufvudet. De äro för båda könen af 2 slag; en simplare om hvardagarne, och en för helgedagar och högtidligare tillfållen af svartare renskinn. Hemma går man gemenligen i en kakte, som merendels består af grått valmar och för qvinnfolket år vidare samt utan krage. Fordom skall man dertill mycket brukat blått eller grönt, men helst rödt kläde. I allmänhet tyckes den röda färgen vara mycket omtyckt och deraf måste ån, hos qvinnfolken i Utsjoki, den öfre afdelningen af kappir bestå. Utan på pesken nyttjade, som kunna hafva det, stundom en halsduk eller i dess ställe en öfverkastad lös, bred krage af rödt kläde. Kragarne på kakteran hos båda könen, äfvensom uppslagen på ärmarne, äro ock prydda med smala ränder af sådant tyg; likaledes äro på axfarne, likt epauletter, påsydda röda remsor, hvilka stundom sammanbindas genom en öfver skuldrorne gående smal röd rand. Dessa öfverplagg omgjordas med bälten, hvilka hos en del qvinnor äro prydda med vid hvarandra fastade söljor. Vid dem hänga deras nycklar; hos karlarne deremot knifvar i slidor.

Närmast kroppen år i stället för skjorta en tarkka eller päls af får-, eller mjuka kalfskinn.

På fötterna nyttjas så kallade kalsukak af renbillingar (hos qvinnorna af vallmar), gående upp till halfva låret, och hos karlarne ofvan sammansydde med deras valhnarsböxor (puusak). Nedantill åro de hos alla med långa band fastade ofvanom fotleden vid skoplaggen. Dessa kallas generellt Kabmakak, men hafva dessutom olika benämningar (kallukak, — koikikak) allt efter den del af renskinnen, hvaraf de äro gjorda. Det sednare slaget, — förfärdigade af renbillingar, — nyttjas mest af qvinnfolket, och då kallas de nuttakak. Om sommaren brukas skor af kohudar, hvilka kallas tjatsikak, förmodligen emedan de äro vattentätare.

(Valkaisusta)

Allmän litteraturtidning utgifven af ett sällskap i Åbo 33, 26.4.1803

1. Essai sur le blanchiment avec la description de la nouvelle methode de blanchir par la vapeur, d'aprés le procédé du citoyen Chaptal, et son application aux arts, par R. O'Reilly. à Paris An. IX. (1801.) 8:o XVI och 226 S. med 14 plancher.

2. Neue Art Baumwolle, Wolle und andere Stoffe vermittelst des Dampfes zu bleichen, mit beygefügter Beschreibung des von Bürger o’Reilly dazu verferligten Apparats, Aus d. Franz. m. 1 Kupf. Strasburg b. Levrault 1801. gr. 8:0 22. S. (kostar 5 Gr.)

En af de fördelar manskligheten vunnit genom Chemiens senaste framsteg, är att blekningskonsten fått ett nytt utseende och innom få är ernått en tillförene oförmedad höjd. Scheele hade lärt, att oxygenerad koksaltsyra förstör växtämnens fårg. Berthollet använde denna kunskap till blekning i stort. Kirwan riktade konsten genom nya upptäkter, och Chaptal har bragt den till fin nuvarande grad af fullkomlighet. O'Reilly, hvars nitälskan för nyttiga konsrers utspridande är berömligen känd af dess annales des arts & manufacturers, har samlat hvad de senare åren till konstens förbättrande blifvit tillgjordt; hvilket uti ett sammanhang innefattas uti afhandlingen N;o I, som af Chaptal blifvit öfversedd innan den på trycket utgafs.

Ull och ylletyg innehålla en myckenhet fetma, dels af naturen vidlådande, dels tillagd vid ullens handtering och väfnad. Denna borttages vanligen genom blötningar uti varm mannoniakalisk lut, tillredd af 5 delar vatten mot i del gammal urin, och sköljningar i rinnande vatten. Genom svag tvållut och valkning påskyndas blekningen, hvilken efter äldre methoderna fullkomnas, då yllet uti slutet rum hålles upphängdt i ångor af brinnande svafvel, hvarefter nödig smidighet meddelas genom tvättning i svagt tvålvatten. Men detta bleknings sätt är mycket bristfälligt, förnämligast i anseende till svafvelängornas ojämna verkning. I dess ställe förestår Författaren att först borttaga fetman genom svag lut af 1 del pottaska mot 50 delar ull, eller ock genom nyssnämnde ammoniaklut, och sedan tvätta och stampa godset uti varmt såpvatten, samt efter utsköljning handtera det uti ett lag af vatten mättadt med svaflig (sulfurös) syra. Denna syra tillredes med minsta kostnad af svafvelfyra och sönderskuren halm eller sågspän, hvarifrån medelst lindrig varme en ånga utvecklas, som lätt insupes af vatten. Den således erhållna sura vätskan slås uti ett träkärl, försedt med hasplar och valsar, omkring hvilka klädet in och utvecklas, så att alla dess delar blifva för syrans verkan utsatte. Innom 2 eller 3 timmar vinner ett kläde genom denna handtering en högre grad af hvithet, än efter 2 handteringar i ett eller 2 dygn på det äldre sättet. Genom det nya sättet finnes ock godset hafva lika grad hvithet uti de inre delarna som på ytan. Sedan syran afdrupit, tvättas godset i strömvatten, hvarefter vanlig handtering med krita eller berlinerblå kan företagas. Slutellgen meddelas önskad smidighet genom tvålvatten.

Rätt silke har en hartsaktig beklädning, som genomligen borttages medelst tvålvatten eller ock koksaltsyra, hvarefter blekningen fullbordas uti svafvelängor. Men mycket bättre vinnes ändamålet, om silket först renas genom ångor af en caustik mycket svag soda-lut, och tvättning uti tvålvatten, och sedermera blekes uti svaflig syra, på lika sätt som yllet.

Ibland växtämnen äro Lin, Hampa och Bomull de som vanligast blekas. Vid första handteringen af lin och hampa anmärkes, att i ställe för den allmänt brukliga rötningen, som fordrar mycken varsamhet, och alltid medför betydande olägenheter, kunna tägorna lättare och fullkomligare befrias ifrån sitt bindande ämne genom ångor af en svag alkalisk lut uti lyckt kärl, samt att den myckenhet; blånor, som under linberedningen afskiljes och såsom onyttiga bortkastas, kunde med stor fördel användas till pappers tillverkning.

Väfnader af lin och hampa kunna ej blekas innan de blifvit befriade ifrån det af väfvaren påsatta klister. Detta sker allmännast genom blötning uti stillastående eller rinnande vatten, eller ock genom kokning. Vida bättre är att låta tyget uti ett kärl ligga i blöt uti, sommarljumt rent vatten, till dess genom den derstådes skeende fermentation mjölämnet förstöres och upplöses. En stor del af garnets färgande delar blifver härvid förstörd, och godset finnes efter sköljning i rinnande vatten redan deraf hafva erhållit en betydande grad hvithet. Det hartsaktiga ämne, som ännu läder vid garnet, kan vidare genom alkalier, tvål eller svafvelbundet alkali upplösas.

Bomull innehåller en fetma, som genom svag alkalisk lut eller än bättre genom ångor af sådan lut kan afskiljas. Det jordaktiga, som efter handtering med alkalisk lut stannar qvar i bomullen, borttages genom någon syra t. ex. mycket utspädd svafvelsyra, hvars skadliga verkan bomullen bättre än linne kan emotstå.

Pottaska renar växtämnen i af sin benägenhet att upplösa all slags fetma. Den bidrager ock till blekning genom en ännu ei tillräckeligen känd förbränning af de färgande delarna, hvilkas kolämne utvecklas och lossas, så att de sedermera genom luften lätteligen upplösas och skingras i form af kolsyra. Genom oförsiktig handtering angripas och försvagas äfven väftens fibrösa delar. Således blir det säkrast, att vid blekning nyttja blott ångor af caustik alkalisk lut. Soda verkar lindrigare än pottaska, och ännu mindre verksam är lut af tvål eller såpa. Svafvelbundit alkali eller kalk bär först af Kirwan funnits tjena i srälle för pottaska, och sedan med mycken förmon blifvit nyttjadt vid blekerier. Dess goda verkan är säkrare och fullkomligare än pottaskans; den medför ock inga olägenheter, och då den tillredes af svafvel och kalk är kostnaden dermed vida mindre än med pottaska.

Till fullkomlig blekning är nödigt, att de sista limningar af de färgade delarna afskiljaa. Den atmospheriska luften uträttar detta genom en långsam förbränning. Ifrån äldsta tider har ock varit brukligt, att för luftens verkan utsätta de ämnen man velat bleka. Man har lärt, att ändamålet fortare vanns, då godset omsom blöttes och bykades i alkalisk lut sköljdes och å nyo utbreddes för fria luften. Men sedan man vunnit närmare kunskap om den beständensdel uti luften, som härvid egenteligen är verksam, och sedan man, lärt att betjena sig af ämnen, som innehålla samma beständsdel både renare och tätare ihopsamlad, har den tillförene långsamma blekningen innom kort tid fullkomligen kunnat verkställas. Ett sådant ämne är den oxygenerade koksaltsyran, som i stört litteligen vinnes af koksalt, brunsten, svafvelsyra ocb vatten sammanblandade och lindrigt uppvärmde. Den ånga som härvid utvecklas, uppfängas af kallt vatten, hvars styrka sedermera kan pröfvas genom en svag indigo-upplösning. Godset, som förut bör vara befriadt ifrån fetma, klister och annan orenlighet, handteras i detta blekvatten, på lika sätt som ylle, gods uti svaflig svra, till dess det utdragit all styrka, sköljes vidare i svag alkalisk lut, och handteras åter i nytt blekvatten. Två sådana förrättningar äro tillräckeliga att fulleligen bleka bomull; Bomullsgarn fordrar 3, finare linneväfnad 4, grösre arbeten af lin ellet hampa 5 eller 6 blekningar. Papper kan i samma slags vatten blekas; och gamla af ålder försämrade böcker, estamper, eller de som af skrifbläck blifvit smutsade, återså deraf sin fulla grad af hvithet, medan olje-aftrycken blifva oförändrade.

De besvärliga påföljder den oxygenerade koksaltsyran medför genom sin flygtighet och qväfvande egenskap, och den svårighet, att hon ej utan betydlig af gång kan ömfas ifrån ett kärl till ett annat, än mindre flyttas längre väg, har föranledt till åtskilliga försök att genom tillblandade alkalier göra henne mindre flygtig. Men man har funnit att dess blekande egenskap blifvit i större eller mindre mon försvagad då hon genom sådana tillsatser blifvit bunden. Mättad med pottaska verkar hon vidare ingen blekning. I förening med så mycket pottaska, som blott fordras, att borttaga dess lukt, bleker hon vål, men fordrar flere repetitioner af arbetet, hvaraf kostnaden i dubbelt afseende ökes. Ibland alla alkaliska ämnen har kalk funnit, vara den förmonligaste tillsats att mildra blekvattnets besvärande verkningar, i hvilket afseende man till den sura ångans uppsupande, i synnerhet vid de blekerierna nyttjat kalkvatten i ställe för rent vatten.

Den högsta grad af fullkomlighet blekningskonsten ännu vunnit, härrör af tillämpning af ett i Levanten, för detta, brukeligt sätt att i ställe för kokning oeh bykning uti alkalisk lut, utsätta godset för ångor af kaustik lut af soda eller pottaska uti lyckta rum. Godset lider härigenom mindre till sin styrka än genom förr brukeliga handteringar: förrättningen är långt mindre kostsam, och ändamålet vinnes mångfaldt fortare. Till att i stort förrätta blekning med största förmon, blötes godset i svag alkalisk lut och hålles upphångdt i dess ångor, handteras derpå uti oxygenerad koksaltsyra, tvättas i rinnande vatten, hålles en par dagar utbredt på gräsvall, och renas sluteligen genom någon svag syra, då den möjeligen högsta grad af hvithet skall vinnas. Skulle tyg af hampa eller grost linne ännu hafva någon gulhet qvar, fullkomnas äfven deras blekning genom förnyad utsättning för de alkaliska ångorna. Om denna bleknings method användes på grofva lumpor, och blånor efter lin och hampa, så kan deraf det hvitaste papper erhållas, och finare lumpor blifva vid pappers bruk aldeles umbärliga.

En ännu allmännare tillämpning af denna nya konst, är dess användande till vanlig klädtvätt; som fullkomligen verkställes, med stor besparing af tid, möda, kostnad, och sjelfva linnen, hvilka undergå ringa nötning, då de uti ångor af sådan svag lut (som i brift af pottaska yllet soda, af blott aska oeh kalk kan tillredas) handteras, och sedermera uti rent vatten eller svag såplut utsköljas.

Tillställningarna för alla förenämnde förrättningar äro utförligen beskrefna, och aftecknade uti de bifogade 14 kopparstycken. Uti dessa föreställas,
1. En inrättning, att medelst refflade valsar utprässa vätskan ifrån väfnader;
2. En byk-machin, som genom mekanism förrättar klappning, och flyttar tvättgodset under klappträden;
3. Anstalterna vid det uti Irland brukliga tillredningssättet af oxygenerad koksaltsyra;
4. O'Reilly's tillställning föd distillation af svaflig syra och oxygenerad koksaltsyra;
5. Rupp’s inrättning för garns handterande uti blekvatten;
6. O’Reilly’s inrättning för väfnaders handterande uti blekvatten;
7-11. Åtskilliga anstalter för diverfe ämnens renande genom ångor af ammoniakalisk eller annan alkalisk lut;
12, 13. Inrättning för garnblekning eller hushålls-linnetvätt genom alkaliska vatten-ängor;
14. Tvått-machin för klädernas sköljning.

Nro 2 är Rec. endast af ett utdrag i Scherers Allg. Journ. d. Chemie, 7 B. 39 Heft. bekant, och utgör öfversättning af en uti Journal des Manufactures, Cah. X intagen afhandling, samt innehåller berättelse om de uti Irland med framgång gjorda försök, att förrätta blekning medest alkaliska vatten-ångor. Afritningen af dertill uppfunna anstalt kommer i det hufvudsakliga öfverens med afteckingen uti Pl. 10, 11. af N:o 1.

Terra Alba.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, September 1867

The extent to which this fine white earth is employed in adulterating pulverized sugar, confectionary, flour, repared cocoa, spices, milk, &c., is incalculable. Dishonesty gives the law to many a traffic and manufacture in these days, and compels those who would rather be honest (so they imagine) to "do as others do." A chalky taste in the delicate white cracker, a tastelessness in bread, a whity scum in the tea cup from a spoonful of snowy sugar, with many another uncomprehended indication, betray the presence of the ever-present adulterator. Two-thirds their weight of terra alba has been obtained from lozenges. This comparatively new ingredient is imported from Ireland, and that largely, costing only about one dollar and a quarter per cwr.

- Scientific American

Varnish for Maps and Drawings.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

Dissolve one pound of white shellac, a quarter of pound of camphor, and two ounces of Canada balsam in one gallon of alcohol.

Red Lead.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

Red-lead, according to Barton, may be produced by heating oxyd of lead to redness with nitrate of soda, or by heating at the same temperature a mixture of 1,894 parts of sulphate of lead, 665 parts of carbonate of soda, and 177 parts of nitrate of soda. The resulting mass is to washed.

To Imitate Mahogany.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

The surface of any close-grained wood is planed smooth, and then rubbed with a solution of nitrous acid. Next apply with a soft brush a mixture of one ounce of dragon’s blood dissolved in a pint of alcohol and with the addition of a third of an ounce of carbonate of soda. When the polish diminishes in brilliancy, it may be restore by the use of a little cold-drawn linseed oil.

Pink for Woollen or Cotton.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

For three pounds of goods, one gallon of soft water, or enough to cover the goods. Steep two ounces of cochineal in the water for two hours, keeping it warm; when the cochineal is abstracted, add one ounce of cream of tartar, wet the goods in clean water, wring them dry, and put into the dye. Bring it to a scalding heat, stir and air until it is done. It will require but a few minutes to color. When dry rinse in weak suds.

Bleaching Glue.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

Soak in moderately strong acetic acid for two days, drain, place on a sieve, and wash well with cold water. Dry on a warm plate. This method is given in Dingler’s Journal.

Whitewash and Starch.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

The Chemical News promises that a strong solution of sulphate of magnesia will give a beautiful quality to whitewash, and a little of it used with starch will add considerably to its stiffness and render cotton or linen garments to a certain degree incombustible.

Bleaching of Gums.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, September 1867

Mucilage, says Picciotto, may be completely decolorized by means of recently precipitated gelatinous alumina, which fixes the color on itself and leaves a clear solution.

To bleach sponge snow white.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, August 1867

Soak it in diluted muriatic acid ten or twelve hours, then wash with water and immerse it in a solution of hyposulphite of soda with a small addition of diluted muriatic acid, wash and dry it. Repeated operations it is said, will render the article almost snow white.

Cheap Yellow Glass for Operating Rooms.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

To some thick spirit varnish add a small quantity of iodine, sufficient to render the varnish of the requisite deep color. When a glass is warmed, and a coating of the varnish applied, it will be found to be beautifully transparent. In the case of a globe for a lamp or gas it should be warmed, and a little of the varnish poured in and turned round before a fire till properly covered.

On Coloring Photographic Slides for the Magic Lantern.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

The following practical instructions for coloring photographic and other transparencies for the lantern are extracted from a manual on the Magic Lantern, published in London.

Apparatus.

The easel, an assortment of brushes and dabbers, an ivory and a steel pallet knife, a small muller and slab, a pallet, a penknife, an etching point, lithographic pens for outlines, pieces of linen or cotton rag.

Media.

Oil of spike, lavender, turpentine, varnish, oxgall, Canada balsam.

Colors.

Italian pink for yellow, Prussian blue, Antwerp blue, crimson lake, crimson.

These are the three primary colors, which are capable of yielding nearly all the rest by judicious mixture. The colors purchased should be those prepared for oil painting, in collapsible tubes, and the purpose for which they are intended should be explained to the color maker.

The use of the muller and marble slab in well rubbing these colors down will be learned. For black, ivory or lamp black is used; for white the glass is left uncoloured; for green, Prussian blue and Italian pink; for purple, lake and Prussian blue; for orange, lake an gamboge; for brown, either burnt sienna or a mixture of Prussian blue, lake, and Italian pink.

Glass.

Patent plate and flatted crown are the two kinds obtainable. The former is expensive and only necessary to be used when something of an exceptionally superior character is to be produced. The latter will answer most purposes if the following precaution be observed: — The two sides differ from each other, one being smooth and the other having gritty particles, which may be distinguished on drawing the nail across. The painting should be done on the smooth side, or if the photograph be prepared with a view to subsequent coloring, it should be taken on the smooth side.

A good medium for mixing the colors is transparent oil varnish to which a few drops of liquor ammonia have been added.

In the case of a photograph, no preliminary outliningis required, but where it is intended to reproduce a large engraving on a three-inch disk, a reduced outline ofthe required size is first made upon paper, and this being laid under the glass, the outline is traced through with the appropriate material. This outline is then protected by a coat of varnish, the coloring then begins, the sky first and then the extreme distance, and successively the middle distance, and the foreground, increasing in intensity of color and decision of outline as the objects approach the spectator. The required depth of color will regulate the amount of varnish to be used, and small dabs should he made on a piece of glass before beginning to paint, in order to ascertain the quality, transparency, and depth of colors. The remedy for excessive opacity is more varnish and ammonia. Two or three drops may be added to a teaspoonful of varnish.

The lithographic pen is to be used for tracing the outline.

Dabbers are madeby burning down thick camel's hair brushes to a round, stumpy end.

Another and very satisfactory method of coloring consists in using aniline colors, known as Judson’s dyes; or better still, those prepared by Dr. Jacobsen for coloring photographs. In using these colors the disagreeable smell of oil and varnishes is avoided, the only medium required being water.

Before using the colors, it is imperatively necessary that the glass on which the design is either sketched or photographed should be coated with albumen. When dry it is ready to receive the colors, the albumen acting as a mordant; a plain piece of glass should also be coated with albumen, on which to try the depth of colors; and great care must be taken to keep the coloring within the outlines, as, being dyes, these colors cannot be removed.

To prepare the albumen, take the white of an egg and add to it one ounce and a-half of water, beat all to a froth, and the liquid subsiding is fit for use.

Silicated Whitewash.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

M. Ch. Guerin called the attention of the French Academy to a new method of obtaining, by a cold process, a silicate completely insoluble which can be applied either as an external coating, as in the case of glass or iron, or made to penetrate through the interior of the substance, as for the preservation of wood and other vegetable matters. The process is very simple: a thin coating of slaked lime made into a paste with water, or whitewash, is laid on the object to be silicatized, and when this has been allowed to dry, silicate of potash is applied over the coating; the effect, it is asserted, being that all the portions touched by the solution of potash become completely insoluble, and of very great adherence. In order to obtain an insoluble silicate in the interior of a substance, all that is necessary is to impregnate it by immersing it in whitewash, or lime water, and when it is dry to steep it in a solution of the silicate of potash.

By this means it is proposed to prevent the decomposition of vegetable substances by petrifying them; also to protect porous building stones and bricks against air and damp; iron, by a coating of paper, pulp or other finely-divided woody matter, mixed with slaked lime.

Again, letters, characters, or any other device can be traced with the silicate on any surface spread with lime, and those portions touched by the silicate will alone adhere and become insoluble. Or, if they be traced with a solution of gum arabic, and the whole be washed over with the silicate, the parts protected by the gum can be washed off, the rest remaining in relief, as the letters etc., do in the first place.

The process sems to be substantially the same as the English process, known as Ransome’s.

A Good Whitewash.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

At this season people generally set their houses in order and prepare for the hot weather. As whitewash is in great request it may not be inappropriate to publish the following recipe. It is intended for buildings or out door use but is also adapted for walls. Let us say here that we have never found anything equal to glue for fixing the lime on the walls. It should be liberally applied, say half a pound to a washtub full of whitewash, and if well stirred in will never fail. There is no greater nuisance than whitewash that rubs off on everything that touches it. - We quote from the Chemical Gazette:—

"Take a clean water tight barrel, or other suitable cask, and put into it a half bushel of lime. Slack it by pouring boiling water over it, and in sufiicient quantity to cover five inches deep, stirring it briskly till thoroughly slacked. When slacking has been effected, dissolve in water and add two pounds of sulphate of zinc and one of common salt. These will cause the wash to harden and prevent it cracking, which gives an unseemly appearance to the work. If desirable a beautiful cream color may be communicated to the above wash by adding three pounds of yellow ocher. This wash may be a lied with a common white wash brush, and wi be found much superior, both in appearance and durability, to common whitewash."

French Polish for Boots.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

Logwood chips, half a pound; glue, quarter of a pound; indigo, pounded very fine, quarter of an ounce. Boil these ingredients in two pints of vinegar and one of water during ten minutes after ebullition, then strain the liquid. When cold it is fit for use. To apply the each polish, the dirt must be cleaned from the boots or shoes; when these are guite dry, the liquid polish is put on with a bit of sponge.

Manufacture of Zinc White.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

Zinc-white may be prepared from any zinc ores or old zinc by roasting the same for the purpose of producing the oxyd and treating the latter with a hot solution of muriate of ammonia, which dissolves the oxyd of zinc, while other metals contained in the ore remain behind If the solution is coloured the addition of a small quantity of carbonate of soda will cause a slight precipitate, when the solution will appear clear. The solution is then filtered, when upon cooling the oxyd precipitates, together with a double salt of ammonia and zinc but slightly soluble in cold water. This precipitate is washed, treated with hot water, when the double salt becomes decomposed and the oxyd of zinc is precipitated as a dense white powder, which is washed and dried.

Straw and Clothes Bleaching.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

Bolley states that the hypo-chlorite of magnesia bleaches much more quickly than that of lime, with the further advantage in the case of straw goods, that it bleache directly as well as quickly, without first coloring the straw brown as does the hypo-chlorite of lime. Magnesia being a much weaker base than lime, parts with the chlorine much more quickly. The great bleacher is oxygen, and in the form of ozone, nothing oxidable can withstand it. Ozone is said to be rapidly formed when turpentine is exposed to the air, and the writer who mentions this (in a German periodical) recommends laundresses to add to their rinsing water a little pure rectified oil of turpentine mixed (which can be done only by distillation) with twice as much strong alcohol. No smell will remain in the fabric after drying.

Bleaching Process of Mothay and Rousseau.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

The article to be bleached is immersed in a solution of permanganate of soda, which has been rendered slightly acid, and is stirred about for a few minutes, with a glass rod. It is then plunged into a solution of sulphurous acid, which removes the violet brown oxide of manganese deposited upon it in the first bath. After the successive immersions in the two fluids have been repeated two or three times it is found to be beautifully white, without its fibres being the least impaired in strength. In this, as in all the processes which have been used for bleaching, oxygen is the a out which destroys the coloring matters; but is ere applied in the form of ozone, which is disengaged from the per manganate by the organic matters.

Liquid Blacking.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

I. Take ivory black 5 oz., molasses 4 oz., sweet oil ¾ oz., triturate until the oil is perfectly killed, then stir in gradually vinegar and beer bottom of each ¼ of a pint and continue the agitation until the mixture is complete.

II. Take ivory black 1 1b., molasses ¾ 1b., sperm oil 2 oz., beer and vinegar each 1 pint; proceed as before.