XVIII. Dye-houses. s. 319-323 (View of the Russian Empire. Improving Industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

¹ Lycopodium complanatum. Keltalieko, nykyään Diphasiastrum complanatum

² Concerning the art of dyeing among the Morduanes, which is nearly the same with that here described, see Lepekhin's journal, tom. i. p. 74.

³ Adonis verna. kevätruusuleinikki, Adonis vernalis?

⁴ Genista tinctoria.
⁵ Carduus heterophylla. Huopaohdake, nykyään Cirsium heterophyllumWhere silks, cottons, woollen stuffs and linens are dyed, are: two in Mosco, and one in St. Petersburg. These however are not to be compared with the large dye-houses which here belong to the cloth, cotton, and silk manufactories, and where certainly many goods are dyed as well as any that are done abroad. Besides - domestic dyeing is a very customary business with the Russian housewives in the country, as well as among the wild Siberian nations, to which end they generally use the plants that grow wild in their districts. In most of the countries bordering on the Volga, for instance, where there is a great deal of dyeing, the ordinary process is this: the principal material in these dyes is the moss that grows plentifully in all the marshy pine-forests of Russia¹, and is generally known and used under the name of selenitza. This herb is pulverized and made into a strongly acid quas in the usual way with meal, and which serves as an infusion to almost all colours. In this the woollen yarn, which is to be dyed, is put to soak for one night or more; it is then rinsed and dried, by which it receives a yellowish hue, and takes the other colours better and more durably. The common people, who are unacquainted with the properties of alum, practise scarcely any other preparation than this, and in general for all dyes. The Morduanes², Tichuvasches, and Tartars, instead of this moss employ sometimes the herbs of the yellow spring flowers³, sometimes the common wormwood with a little addition of broom⁴, but moftly, and with the best success, the leaves, which dye of an agreeable yellow, of a certain thistle⁵, and with which they dye green the wool that is previously dyed blue with indigo or woad. Some Russians put with the moss-powder a small matter of broom, [drok,] among the quas with which the wool is prepared.

¹ Anthemis tinctoria.

² Serratula; in russ, serpucha.

³Bidens tripartita: russ, tscheryode.

⁴ In russ, mariona, which is commonly the root of gallium mollugo, or asperula tinctoria

⁵ Arundo calamogrostris; russ, mietlika.

⁶ A merchant of Novgorod, named Popof, made several experiments with indigo prepared from an herb growing very frequently about Novgorod, which was thought by appearances to be a species of anil. This indigo was found, after repeated trials, to be in no respect inferior to the American. The death of this person, which happened soon after, was a check to the fabric, from which it never recovered. The experiments were made in the year 1748. Albaum, tom. i. p. 274. - The herb was probably, not anil, but wild woad. - Another woad fabric near Pensa, belonging to the merchant Tavleyef, is mentioned by Dr. Pallas, travels tom i. p. 75; but the dye is said to be indifferent, and not latting.

⁷ Tagetes.

*1 korpipaatsama, Frangula alnusThe most usual dyeing herbs are: for a bright yellow, the flowers of the yellow camomile¹, which in some places is called pupavka; the broom and the dye-thistle². For dyeing deep yellow, the water-burdock³: for deep red, the wild-madder or krap⁴. For staining a bright crimson the common duschitza or origanum is taken. Green is best dyed on blue wool with the forementioned yellow-dyeing herbs or birch leaves; but many have the art of dyeing by boiling with an addition of alum from the unblown ears of fedge⁵, a deep green, and from the berries of the faulbaum*1, kruschina, a yellow-green colour. But for dyeing blue no domestic dye is yet in use, excepting that in Little-Russia they dye blue with the woad that grows wild there⁶.

Moreover, the people buy woad and indigo, or logwood, and proceed with them in the ordinary method. For dyeing yellow with broom, the powder is put into the very same quas in which the wool has been prepared, in such quantity as to give the compound the consistence of porridge. The wool must first lie a week in the moss alone, then a few days longer in the quas with broom. To beautify the colour the wool is washed repeatedly in lye, after it has been wrung and dried. The dye-thistle is boiled in water alone, or at most with a trifling addition of alum, and the yarn prepared with the quas is dyed in it boiling.

With the flowers of the yellow-camomile, as likewise with almost all the faint-coloured flowers⁷ that commonly grow in gardens, are dyed both wool and silk; but especially with the latter, it requires some skill to hit exactly the proper addition of alum. The herb of the water-burdock gathered young yields, in water alone, if boiled with a little alum, a beautiful deep yellow, which, by a small addition of wild-madder, becomes more brilliant, and by frequent dyeing is more and more lively. The wild-madder is, like the generality of plants, pounded in wooden mortars or ground to powder in hand-mills, and made into a thick gruel with water, and set to stand the whole night in a warm oven. The following day more water is added to dilute the gruel, and the madder is strongly boiled. Some, for the sake of heightening the colour, previously seeth some young oak-bark or birch-bark in the water, but the Tschuvasches put water among it. Ever after the concoction is red enough for them, they dye their wool three or four times or oftener; at first lukewarm, but the last time boiling, letting it dry after every repetition. If now the colour be fine enough for them, the yarn is washed in the river and dried. By an addition of the water-burdock-herb, dye-thistle, broom or carduus heterophyllus, the colour is brighter and pleasanter. The finest tincture is given by that black-red powder which first separates, on gently pounding, from the root, and is the proper dyeing bark of it.

⁸ The Kozak-women on the Samara dye red also with the polish cochineal, tsehervetz. They lay the yarn which they intended to dye in a thoroughly four quas, then add alum, and let the vessel with it stand 24 hours in the oven. Then it is wrung out and dried; but the tschervetz is grated in a pan, boiled with water, and when all the dyeing particles are thoroughly extracted, the yarn is put in and boiled once more. With one handful they dye about as much as is necessary for two of the sashes, which they wear, or about a pound of wool. The colour, however, looks no better than that obtained by the common duschitza, or origanum, only that it is more permanent.

⁹Pallas, travels, tom. i. p. 203. The process, with the duschitza or origanum is somewhat more prolix. The herb is gathered in bloom and chiefly the summits of the flowers, which are all dried in the oven and pulverized. In spring young twigs that have fallen off the wild or uncultivated apple-trees must likewise be collected, and also pulverized. Of both they take equal parts; others will only allow of one part apple-twigs to two parts of the dye-herb. To the fourth part are added some grains, gustscha, stirring all well together with water, and it is set by with some yeast to ferment. As soon as the composition is four, it is pressed out with the hands, and then spread out the whole night in a warm oven, frequently stirring it about. The dry compound is lastly boiled in clean water, and the dye is ready, for which the yarn must be already prepared in the usual manner. Some, not so circumstantial, take equal parts of the herb and the apple-twigs, and boil them both together, with a small addition of alum; but by this method the red obtained is by no means so fine⁸. The colour afforded by this herb is the finest of all the dyes which the country-people know how to prepare. In general the colours prepared by these several means look well to the eye, and many of them stand washing without being subject to fade⁹.

XVII. Manufactories of colours for dye-houses. s. 319 (View of the Russian Empire. Improving Industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

Works of this kind, where white-lead, minium, berlin-blue, paint, verdigris, and in some also sealing-wax, are made, are these: in Mosco two; at Verea one; at Tula one; at Kosttroma three; in Savík three; in Vologda three; at St. Petersburg three. Where only sealing-wax is made: in Vologda two; in St. Petersburg two; with a few others of less note in different places.

Birch. s. 194 (View of the Russian Empire. Productive industry. Forest-culture.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

Among the umbrageous trees the BIRCH is the commonest, which by an economical use of it is serviceable in various ways. The bark of this tree is employed in tanning and in preparing tar, likewise a multitude of cylindrical vessels are made of it, for holding kaviar, butter, fruits, and other articles. With the leaves a yellow'dye is made; the sap affords a well-tasted liquor called birch-wine, and the wood is consumed as fuel in the houses as well as at the mines and manufactories.

Dyeing. s. 136-139 (View of the Russian Empire. Agriculture. Productive industry.)

View of the Russian Empire, During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century.
By William Tooke, F. R. S.
Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economical Society at St. Petersburg. In three volumes. Vol. III.
The Third Edition.
Dublin: Printed by P. Wogan, No. 23, Old-Bridge.
1801

[---]

Now that we are on the subject of the products from the vegetable kingdom that furnish materials for the loom, it will not be inexpedient to enumerate the plants employed in the mystery of DYEING. Russia,as well as some other european countries, neglects the fine dyeing materials, which are partly procured from remote parts of the world for the service of domestic industry; but she also begets a multitude of wild-growing herbs, flowers, roots, and mosses used in dyeing, the more sedulous collection or proper culture whereof might render unnecessary these foreign products. MADDER, or the red dye, grows WILD, but sparingly, on the banks of the Oka, near Riasan and Arsamas, on the borders of the Volga, in the confines of Sysran and Saratof Saratof, and in great quantities and of superior quality about the Samara, in Taurida, on the Terek, and in several districts of the caucasean government. This useful plant is nowhere properly cultivated; but in the regions of the Terek, along the Kura and Kuma, it is gathered in considerable abundance. As this however is not near sufficient for the demands of the inland manufactories, and Russia is obliged annually to make considerable purchase of red dyes, it would certainly be worth while to attend to the plantation of this vegetable, which in the foregoing districts would produce as good a commodity as that procured from Holland and Erfurt, if it were only gathered in autumn and not dried in the heat of a subterranean oven, but under sheds in the open air. The culture of madder is still in another respect of consequence to Russia, as in the collecting alone of the wild plants much time is lost that might be more beneficially employed. ¹ Cruciata palustris maxima.

² For example: galium boreale, mollugo, asperula tinctoria, &c. The origan, organy, wild, or bastard marjoram, or wild mint, in russ duschitza, a very common plant, yields also a fine crimson red, which might be successfully employed in dyeing. Guldenstædt, akad. rede, &c. sect. 51Two men who should cultivate madder in the above-mentioned districts, where the soil and the climate are so propitious to it, would easily gain as much by it, as ten do now, who perhaps will shortly have nothing more to get, as by their present manner of proceeding this useful plant will very soon be entirely eradicated. Likewise in the governments of Ufa, Kazan, Voronetch, Ekatarinoslaf, Kharkof, Braglaf, &c. as well as in Little-Russia, the red dyes would thrive in a moist and fruitful soil. In several of the provinces we have specified, there are other wild plants resembling madder; but, except the mariona¹, sufficiently known among the Kozaks of the Don, they are not entitled to any particular notice².

³Isatis tinctoria.

⁴Isatis lusitanica, Linn.After indigo the principal material for dyeing blue and green is WOAD; Russia buys of both every year to a considerable amount. The plant which produces indigo grows only in India, and therefore requires a much hotter climate than Russia anywhere possesses; consequently it is the more necessary to multiply the woad-plantations, as woad may not only supply in many cases the want of indigo, but as the blue of the former in fact deserves the preference. It is the more to be expected that the culture of this plant must be attended with good success, as both the real woad³, and a very similar variation of it⁴ are seen WILD in several of the Southern governments. The former grows spontaneously on the left shore of the Volga near Sysran, about Pensa, near Omsk in Siberia, but most plentifully in the Ukraine, and in the territory of Mosdok; the latter likewise abounds on the Oka, the Sura, and the Volga. In the governments of Pensa, Saratof, and Voronetch, considerable woad-plantations have already been made for some years past, which therefore probably may afford seeds sufficient for their farther propagation.

SAFFRON which is used both as a colour and as a drug, and is likewise an article of importation, grows WILD about the Terek, in the governments of Voronetch and Ekatarinoslaf, in Taurida, and especially in the caucasean mountains about Mosdok. The spring-saffron, growing in the first-mentioned district, is fit for little as a dye, and as a drug for nothing; but the autumnal saffron, gathered in Caucasus, is serviceable in both respects, and bulbs might therefore be obtained here as well as from Persia, which there is no doubt would succeed in the southern circles of Caucasus and Taurida.

⁵ Carthamus tinctorius.The consumption of SAFFLOWER⁵ is nearly as common, it being employed by the silk-dyers in preparing the flesh and rose-colours. Russia still continues to buy this commodity from the foreigner, the foreigner, notwithstanding that the plant thrives perfectly well in the gardens at Toropetz, Mosco, Tzaritzin, Poltava, and other places, so that, excepting the northern provinces, it might be raised almost everywhere.

⁶ Guldenstædt's, akademische rede, &c. § 51-54.Besides these four capital species, there is in Russia still a vast variety of more vulgar dyeing plants which might be employed to great advantage. Thus, for instance, a blue colour is got from the ash-bark, with which experiments ought to be to made, as that tree is in general very plenty, and in some districts there is even a great surplus of it. For red colours the Russian empire has already many materials, and might have many more; but in a far greater quantity still are the plants for yellow dyes, which moreover mostly grow wild. By these materials various shades, and by a mixture with the reds even an orange colour might be produced, which would render numbers of expensive foreign drugs for dyeing quite unnecessary.⁶

Living Cochineal.

The Textile Colourist 2, 1876

Mr. W. Schönlank, of Berlin, has succeeded in bringing to that city a species of large cactus covered with living cochineal insects; this extreme rarity for that latitude may be inspected by visitors in the reptile house of the Zoological Gardens of Berlin, where it has apparently found suitable quarters.

- Färber Zeitung.

Anteckningar om församlingarne i Kemi Lappmark (osia)

Anteckningar om församlingarne i Kemi-Lappmark af And. Joh. Sjögren. Helsingfors. Tryckt hos J. Simelii Enka, 1828

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[s.39] Till slöjder saknar allmogen både skicklighet, industri och tid. Spånad och våfnad idkas af qvinnorna till husbehof, äfvensom de väl förstå färga sina hemväfda tyger. Karlarne förfärdiga sjelfva alla sina redskap och kärl, stundom och i synnerhet mot gränsen ser man dock ryska skålar nyttjas.

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[s.95-96] Större delen af karlarne gå ännu i grått valmar, dels i rockar, men ån mer i korta jackor och långbyxor. De gråa korta jackorna börja dock allt mer hos de yngre redan utbytas mot blåa, med blanka knappar. Hustrurna gå alla vanligen med enkla bindmössor både hemma och ute; flickorna deremot hemma med löst hår eller hafva de vid sin helgedagsdrägt en duk ombunden. Också hos dem synes en blå tröja höra till staten. För öfrigt åro yllekjortlar, med några ränder af mörkare färger, eller ock kjortlar af bomullstyg vanliga, och många förstå äfven att rätt skickligen ombinda sin halsduk.

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[s.207-208] Såsom fiskare-Lappar i allmänhet bilda öfvergången till en högre cultur, så hafva de äfven gjort någon början med handaslöjder, såsom spånad och väfnad. Af dem vid Teno väfves till och med till afsalu åt fjäll-Lappar eller utbyte mot renar. Också förstå deras qvinnor att färga rödt med rötterne af så kallade Maaderraasek, hvilka med en hacka uppgräfvas utur jorden. edan garnet först blifvit färgadt gult med en uppkokning af gula blomster, färgas det på samma sätt rödt uti en uppkokning af de nämnda rötterna. Konsten är väl ifrån Finland, och sjelfva namnet tyckes vara lånt ifrån det finska Matara (galium boreale), som af qvinnorna i Finland likaledes användes att färga rödt, I likhet med dessa färgar man ock i Utsjoki blått med Indigo. Men anmärkas bör, att en del af de så kallade Fiskare-Lapparne egenteligen äro Finnar, eller åtminstone afkomlingar af sådana.

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[s. 244-246] Äfven Klädedrägten är ganska enkel och nästan lika för båda könen, utom hufvudbonaden. Karlarnes kappir är mycket enkel, liknande de i Finland, i synnerhet uti Åbo län, brukliga, efter formen så kallade patalakki, af 4 genom sjelfva sömmen utmärkta afdelningar. I sednare tider hafva höga Ryska, så kallade kuskmössor, med brämer omkring kommit i bruk, men den ursprungliga formen skall vara den förstnämnda runda, enklare. Qvinnornas kappirak deremot hafva likhet med brännvinspannor, bäras af både gifta och ogifta och på alla tider utan undantag. Den består af 2 afdelningar, af hvilka den nedre efter hvars och ens råd och lågenhet antingen af enfärgadt eller brokigt tyg, betäcker sjelfva hufvudet och går ned anda till öfver öronen. Den öfre afdelningen af samma slags tyg, men merendels af en annan färg, eller åtminstone försedd med annorlunda färgade ränder, är förbunden med den nedre genom en öfversydd, lång, rund och smal basis, befästad genom ett stycke horn eller träd.

Peskerna äfvensom i allmänhet hela Lappklädnaden, äro tillslutne och påklädas öfver hufvudet. De äro för båda könen af 2 slag; en simplare om hvardagarne, och en för helgedagar och högtidligare tillfållen af svartare renskinn. Hemma går man gemenligen i en kakte, som merendels består af grått valmar och för qvinnfolket år vidare samt utan krage. Fordom skall man dertill mycket brukat blått eller grönt, men helst rödt kläde. I allmänhet tyckes den röda färgen vara mycket omtyckt och deraf måste ån, hos qvinnfolken i Utsjoki, den öfre afdelningen af kappir bestå. Utan på pesken nyttjade, som kunna hafva det, stundom en halsduk eller i dess ställe en öfverkastad lös, bred krage af rödt kläde. Kragarne på kakteran hos båda könen, äfvensom uppslagen på ärmarne, äro ock prydda med smala ränder af sådant tyg; likaledes äro på axfarne, likt epauletter, påsydda röda remsor, hvilka stundom sammanbindas genom en öfver skuldrorne gående smal röd rand. Dessa öfverplagg omgjordas med bälten, hvilka hos en del qvinnor äro prydda med vid hvarandra fastade söljor. Vid dem hänga deras nycklar; hos karlarne deremot knifvar i slidor.

Närmast kroppen år i stället för skjorta en tarkka eller päls af får-, eller mjuka kalfskinn.

På fötterna nyttjas så kallade kalsukak af renbillingar (hos qvinnorna af vallmar), gående upp till halfva låret, och hos karlarne ofvan sammansydde med deras valhnarsböxor (puusak). Nedantill åro de hos alla med långa band fastade ofvanom fotleden vid skoplaggen. Dessa kallas generellt Kabmakak, men hafva dessutom olika benämningar (kallukak, — koikikak) allt efter den del af renskinnen, hvaraf de äro gjorda. Det sednare slaget, — förfärdigade af renbillingar, — nyttjas mest af qvinnfolket, och då kallas de nuttakak. Om sommaren brukas skor af kohudar, hvilka kallas tjatsikak, förmodligen emedan de äro vattentätare.

(Valkaisusta)

Allmän litteraturtidning utgifven af ett sällskap i Åbo 33, 26.4.1803

1. Essai sur le blanchiment avec la description de la nouvelle methode de blanchir par la vapeur, d'aprés le procédé du citoyen Chaptal, et son application aux arts, par R. O'Reilly. à Paris An. IX. (1801.) 8:o XVI och 226 S. med 14 plancher.

2. Neue Art Baumwolle, Wolle und andere Stoffe vermittelst des Dampfes zu bleichen, mit beygefügter Beschreibung des von Bürger o’Reilly dazu verferligten Apparats, Aus d. Franz. m. 1 Kupf. Strasburg b. Levrault 1801. gr. 8:0 22. S. (kostar 5 Gr.)

En af de fördelar manskligheten vunnit genom Chemiens senaste framsteg, är att blekningskonsten fått ett nytt utseende och innom få är ernått en tillförene oförmedad höjd. Scheele hade lärt, att oxygenerad koksaltsyra förstör växtämnens fårg. Berthollet använde denna kunskap till blekning i stort. Kirwan riktade konsten genom nya upptäkter, och Chaptal har bragt den till fin nuvarande grad af fullkomlighet. O'Reilly, hvars nitälskan för nyttiga konsrers utspridande är berömligen känd af dess annales des arts & manufacturers, har samlat hvad de senare åren till konstens förbättrande blifvit tillgjordt; hvilket uti ett sammanhang innefattas uti afhandlingen N;o I, som af Chaptal blifvit öfversedd innan den på trycket utgafs.

Ull och ylletyg innehålla en myckenhet fetma, dels af naturen vidlådande, dels tillagd vid ullens handtering och väfnad. Denna borttages vanligen genom blötningar uti varm mannoniakalisk lut, tillredd af 5 delar vatten mot i del gammal urin, och sköljningar i rinnande vatten. Genom svag tvållut och valkning påskyndas blekningen, hvilken efter äldre methoderna fullkomnas, då yllet uti slutet rum hålles upphängdt i ångor af brinnande svafvel, hvarefter nödig smidighet meddelas genom tvättning i svagt tvålvatten. Men detta bleknings sätt är mycket bristfälligt, förnämligast i anseende till svafvelängornas ojämna verkning. I dess ställe förestår Författaren att först borttaga fetman genom svag lut af 1 del pottaska mot 50 delar ull, eller ock genom nyssnämnde ammoniaklut, och sedan tvätta och stampa godset uti varmt såpvatten, samt efter utsköljning handtera det uti ett lag af vatten mättadt med svaflig (sulfurös) syra. Denna syra tillredes med minsta kostnad af svafvelfyra och sönderskuren halm eller sågspän, hvarifrån medelst lindrig varme en ånga utvecklas, som lätt insupes af vatten. Den således erhållna sura vätskan slås uti ett träkärl, försedt med hasplar och valsar, omkring hvilka klädet in och utvecklas, så att alla dess delar blifva för syrans verkan utsatte. Innom 2 eller 3 timmar vinner ett kläde genom denna handtering en högre grad af hvithet, än efter 2 handteringar i ett eller 2 dygn på det äldre sättet. Genom det nya sättet finnes ock godset hafva lika grad hvithet uti de inre delarna som på ytan. Sedan syran afdrupit, tvättas godset i strömvatten, hvarefter vanlig handtering med krita eller berlinerblå kan företagas. Slutellgen meddelas önskad smidighet genom tvålvatten.

Rätt silke har en hartsaktig beklädning, som genomligen borttages medelst tvålvatten eller ock koksaltsyra, hvarefter blekningen fullbordas uti svafvelängor. Men mycket bättre vinnes ändamålet, om silket först renas genom ångor af en caustik mycket svag soda-lut, och tvättning uti tvålvatten, och sedermera blekes uti svaflig syra, på lika sätt som yllet.

Ibland växtämnen äro Lin, Hampa och Bomull de som vanligast blekas. Vid första handteringen af lin och hampa anmärkes, att i ställe för den allmänt brukliga rötningen, som fordrar mycken varsamhet, och alltid medför betydande olägenheter, kunna tägorna lättare och fullkomligare befrias ifrån sitt bindande ämne genom ångor af en svag alkalisk lut uti lyckt kärl, samt att den myckenhet; blånor, som under linberedningen afskiljes och såsom onyttiga bortkastas, kunde med stor fördel användas till pappers tillverkning.

Väfnader af lin och hampa kunna ej blekas innan de blifvit befriade ifrån det af väfvaren påsatta klister. Detta sker allmännast genom blötning uti stillastående eller rinnande vatten, eller ock genom kokning. Vida bättre är att låta tyget uti ett kärl ligga i blöt uti, sommarljumt rent vatten, till dess genom den derstådes skeende fermentation mjölämnet förstöres och upplöses. En stor del af garnets färgande delar blifver härvid förstörd, och godset finnes efter sköljning i rinnande vatten redan deraf hafva erhållit en betydande grad hvithet. Det hartsaktiga ämne, som ännu läder vid garnet, kan vidare genom alkalier, tvål eller svafvelbundet alkali upplösas.

Bomull innehåller en fetma, som genom svag alkalisk lut eller än bättre genom ångor af sådan lut kan afskiljas. Det jordaktiga, som efter handtering med alkalisk lut stannar qvar i bomullen, borttages genom någon syra t. ex. mycket utspädd svafvelsyra, hvars skadliga verkan bomullen bättre än linne kan emotstå.

Pottaska renar växtämnen i af sin benägenhet att upplösa all slags fetma. Den bidrager ock till blekning genom en ännu ei tillräckeligen känd förbränning af de färgande delarna, hvilkas kolämne utvecklas och lossas, så att de sedermera genom luften lätteligen upplösas och skingras i form af kolsyra. Genom oförsiktig handtering angripas och försvagas äfven väftens fibrösa delar. Således blir det säkrast, att vid blekning nyttja blott ångor af caustik alkalisk lut. Soda verkar lindrigare än pottaska, och ännu mindre verksam är lut af tvål eller såpa. Svafvelbundit alkali eller kalk bär först af Kirwan funnits tjena i srälle för pottaska, och sedan med mycken förmon blifvit nyttjadt vid blekerier. Dess goda verkan är säkrare och fullkomligare än pottaskans; den medför ock inga olägenheter, och då den tillredes af svafvel och kalk är kostnaden dermed vida mindre än med pottaska.

Till fullkomlig blekning är nödigt, att de sista limningar af de färgade delarna afskiljaa. Den atmospheriska luften uträttar detta genom en långsam förbränning. Ifrån äldsta tider har ock varit brukligt, att för luftens verkan utsätta de ämnen man velat bleka. Man har lärt, att ändamålet fortare vanns, då godset omsom blöttes och bykades i alkalisk lut sköljdes och å nyo utbreddes för fria luften. Men sedan man vunnit närmare kunskap om den beständensdel uti luften, som härvid egenteligen är verksam, och sedan man, lärt att betjena sig af ämnen, som innehålla samma beständsdel både renare och tätare ihopsamlad, har den tillförene långsamma blekningen innom kort tid fullkomligen kunnat verkställas. Ett sådant ämne är den oxygenerade koksaltsyran, som i stört litteligen vinnes af koksalt, brunsten, svafvelsyra ocb vatten sammanblandade och lindrigt uppvärmde. Den ånga som härvid utvecklas, uppfängas af kallt vatten, hvars styrka sedermera kan pröfvas genom en svag indigo-upplösning. Godset, som förut bör vara befriadt ifrån fetma, klister och annan orenlighet, handteras i detta blekvatten, på lika sätt som ylle, gods uti svaflig svra, till dess det utdragit all styrka, sköljes vidare i svag alkalisk lut, och handteras åter i nytt blekvatten. Två sådana förrättningar äro tillräckeliga att fulleligen bleka bomull; Bomullsgarn fordrar 3, finare linneväfnad 4, grösre arbeten af lin ellet hampa 5 eller 6 blekningar. Papper kan i samma slags vatten blekas; och gamla af ålder försämrade böcker, estamper, eller de som af skrifbläck blifvit smutsade, återså deraf sin fulla grad af hvithet, medan olje-aftrycken blifva oförändrade.

De besvärliga påföljder den oxygenerade koksaltsyran medför genom sin flygtighet och qväfvande egenskap, och den svårighet, att hon ej utan betydlig af gång kan ömfas ifrån ett kärl till ett annat, än mindre flyttas längre väg, har föranledt till åtskilliga försök att genom tillblandade alkalier göra henne mindre flygtig. Men man har funnit att dess blekande egenskap blifvit i större eller mindre mon försvagad då hon genom sådana tillsatser blifvit bunden. Mättad med pottaska verkar hon vidare ingen blekning. I förening med så mycket pottaska, som blott fordras, att borttaga dess lukt, bleker hon vål, men fordrar flere repetitioner af arbetet, hvaraf kostnaden i dubbelt afseende ökes. Ibland alla alkaliska ämnen har kalk funnit, vara den förmonligaste tillsats att mildra blekvattnets besvärande verkningar, i hvilket afseende man till den sura ångans uppsupande, i synnerhet vid de blekerierna nyttjat kalkvatten i ställe för rent vatten.

Den högsta grad af fullkomlighet blekningskonsten ännu vunnit, härrör af tillämpning af ett i Levanten, för detta, brukeligt sätt att i ställe för kokning oeh bykning uti alkalisk lut, utsätta godset för ångor af kaustik lut af soda eller pottaska uti lyckta rum. Godset lider härigenom mindre till sin styrka än genom förr brukeliga handteringar: förrättningen är långt mindre kostsam, och ändamålet vinnes mångfaldt fortare. Till att i stort förrätta blekning med största förmon, blötes godset i svag alkalisk lut och hålles upphångdt i dess ångor, handteras derpå uti oxygenerad koksaltsyra, tvättas i rinnande vatten, hålles en par dagar utbredt på gräsvall, och renas sluteligen genom någon svag syra, då den möjeligen högsta grad af hvithet skall vinnas. Skulle tyg af hampa eller grost linne ännu hafva någon gulhet qvar, fullkomnas äfven deras blekning genom förnyad utsättning för de alkaliska ångorna. Om denna bleknings method användes på grofva lumpor, och blånor efter lin och hampa, så kan deraf det hvitaste papper erhållas, och finare lumpor blifva vid pappers bruk aldeles umbärliga.

En ännu allmännare tillämpning af denna nya konst, är dess användande till vanlig klädtvätt; som fullkomligen verkställes, med stor besparing af tid, möda, kostnad, och sjelfva linnen, hvilka undergå ringa nötning, då de uti ångor af sådan svag lut (som i brift af pottaska yllet soda, af blott aska oeh kalk kan tillredas) handteras, och sedermera uti rent vatten eller svag såplut utsköljas.

Tillställningarna för alla förenämnde förrättningar äro utförligen beskrefna, och aftecknade uti de bifogade 14 kopparstycken. Uti dessa föreställas,
1. En inrättning, att medelst refflade valsar utprässa vätskan ifrån väfnader;
2. En byk-machin, som genom mekanism förrättar klappning, och flyttar tvättgodset under klappträden;
3. Anstalterna vid det uti Irland brukliga tillredningssättet af oxygenerad koksaltsyra;
4. O'Reilly's tillställning föd distillation af svaflig syra och oxygenerad koksaltsyra;
5. Rupp’s inrättning för garns handterande uti blekvatten;
6. O’Reilly’s inrättning för väfnaders handterande uti blekvatten;
7-11. Åtskilliga anstalter för diverfe ämnens renande genom ångor af ammoniakalisk eller annan alkalisk lut;
12, 13. Inrättning för garnblekning eller hushålls-linnetvätt genom alkaliska vatten-ängor;
14. Tvått-machin för klädernas sköljning.

Nro 2 är Rec. endast af ett utdrag i Scherers Allg. Journ. d. Chemie, 7 B. 39 Heft. bekant, och utgör öfversättning af en uti Journal des Manufactures, Cah. X intagen afhandling, samt innehåller berättelse om de uti Irland med framgång gjorda försök, att förrätta blekning medest alkaliska vatten-ångor. Afritningen af dertill uppfunna anstalt kommer i det hufvudsakliga öfverens med afteckingen uti Pl. 10, 11. af N:o 1.

Terra Alba.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, September 1867

The extent to which this fine white earth is employed in adulterating pulverized sugar, confectionary, flour, repared cocoa, spices, milk, &c., is incalculable. Dishonesty gives the law to many a traffic and manufacture in these days, and compels those who would rather be honest (so they imagine) to "do as others do." A chalky taste in the delicate white cracker, a tastelessness in bread, a whity scum in the tea cup from a spoonful of snowy sugar, with many another uncomprehended indication, betray the presence of the ever-present adulterator. Two-thirds their weight of terra alba has been obtained from lozenges. This comparatively new ingredient is imported from Ireland, and that largely, costing only about one dollar and a quarter per cwr.

- Scientific American

Varnish for Maps and Drawings.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

Dissolve one pound of white shellac, a quarter of pound of camphor, and two ounces of Canada balsam in one gallon of alcohol.

Red Lead.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

Red-lead, according to Barton, may be produced by heating oxyd of lead to redness with nitrate of soda, or by heating at the same temperature a mixture of 1,894 parts of sulphate of lead, 665 parts of carbonate of soda, and 177 parts of nitrate of soda. The resulting mass is to washed.

To Imitate Mahogany.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, December 1867

The surface of any close-grained wood is planed smooth, and then rubbed with a solution of nitrous acid. Next apply with a soft brush a mixture of one ounce of dragon’s blood dissolved in a pint of alcohol and with the addition of a third of an ounce of carbonate of soda. When the polish diminishes in brilliancy, it may be restore by the use of a little cold-drawn linseed oil.

Pink for Woollen or Cotton.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

For three pounds of goods, one gallon of soft water, or enough to cover the goods. Steep two ounces of cochineal in the water for two hours, keeping it warm; when the cochineal is abstracted, add one ounce of cream of tartar, wet the goods in clean water, wring them dry, and put into the dye. Bring it to a scalding heat, stir and air until it is done. It will require but a few minutes to color. When dry rinse in weak suds.

Bleaching Glue.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

Soak in moderately strong acetic acid for two days, drain, place on a sieve, and wash well with cold water. Dry on a warm plate. This method is given in Dingler’s Journal.

Whitewash and Starch.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, October 1867

The Chemical News promises that a strong solution of sulphate of magnesia will give a beautiful quality to whitewash, and a little of it used with starch will add considerably to its stiffness and render cotton or linen garments to a certain degree incombustible.

Bleaching of Gums.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, September 1867

Mucilage, says Picciotto, may be completely decolorized by means of recently precipitated gelatinous alumina, which fixes the color on itself and leaves a clear solution.

To bleach sponge snow white.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, August 1867

Soak it in diluted muriatic acid ten or twelve hours, then wash with water and immerse it in a solution of hyposulphite of soda with a small addition of diluted muriatic acid, wash and dry it. Repeated operations it is said, will render the article almost snow white.

Cheap Yellow Glass for Operating Rooms.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

To some thick spirit varnish add a small quantity of iodine, sufficient to render the varnish of the requisite deep color. When a glass is warmed, and a coating of the varnish applied, it will be found to be beautifully transparent. In the case of a globe for a lamp or gas it should be warmed, and a little of the varnish poured in and turned round before a fire till properly covered.

On Coloring Photographic Slides for the Magic Lantern.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

The following practical instructions for coloring photographic and other transparencies for the lantern are extracted from a manual on the Magic Lantern, published in London.

Apparatus.

The easel, an assortment of brushes and dabbers, an ivory and a steel pallet knife, a small muller and slab, a pallet, a penknife, an etching point, lithographic pens for outlines, pieces of linen or cotton rag.

Media.

Oil of spike, lavender, turpentine, varnish, oxgall, Canada balsam.

Colors.

Italian pink for yellow, Prussian blue, Antwerp blue, crimson lake, crimson.

These are the three primary colors, which are capable of yielding nearly all the rest by judicious mixture. The colors purchased should be those prepared for oil painting, in collapsible tubes, and the purpose for which they are intended should be explained to the color maker.

The use of the muller and marble slab in well rubbing these colors down will be learned. For black, ivory or lamp black is used; for white the glass is left uncoloured; for green, Prussian blue and Italian pink; for purple, lake and Prussian blue; for orange, lake an gamboge; for brown, either burnt sienna or a mixture of Prussian blue, lake, and Italian pink.

Glass.

Patent plate and flatted crown are the two kinds obtainable. The former is expensive and only necessary to be used when something of an exceptionally superior character is to be produced. The latter will answer most purposes if the following precaution be observed: — The two sides differ from each other, one being smooth and the other having gritty particles, which may be distinguished on drawing the nail across. The painting should be done on the smooth side, or if the photograph be prepared with a view to subsequent coloring, it should be taken on the smooth side.

A good medium for mixing the colors is transparent oil varnish to which a few drops of liquor ammonia have been added.

In the case of a photograph, no preliminary outliningis required, but where it is intended to reproduce a large engraving on a three-inch disk, a reduced outline ofthe required size is first made upon paper, and this being laid under the glass, the outline is traced through with the appropriate material. This outline is then protected by a coat of varnish, the coloring then begins, the sky first and then the extreme distance, and successively the middle distance, and the foreground, increasing in intensity of color and decision of outline as the objects approach the spectator. The required depth of color will regulate the amount of varnish to be used, and small dabs should he made on a piece of glass before beginning to paint, in order to ascertain the quality, transparency, and depth of colors. The remedy for excessive opacity is more varnish and ammonia. Two or three drops may be added to a teaspoonful of varnish.

The lithographic pen is to be used for tracing the outline.

Dabbers are madeby burning down thick camel's hair brushes to a round, stumpy end.

Another and very satisfactory method of coloring consists in using aniline colors, known as Judson’s dyes; or better still, those prepared by Dr. Jacobsen for coloring photographs. In using these colors the disagreeable smell of oil and varnishes is avoided, the only medium required being water.

Before using the colors, it is imperatively necessary that the glass on which the design is either sketched or photographed should be coated with albumen. When dry it is ready to receive the colors, the albumen acting as a mordant; a plain piece of glass should also be coated with albumen, on which to try the depth of colors; and great care must be taken to keep the coloring within the outlines, as, being dyes, these colors cannot be removed.

To prepare the albumen, take the white of an egg and add to it one ounce and a-half of water, beat all to a froth, and the liquid subsiding is fit for use.

Silicated Whitewash.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

M. Ch. Guerin called the attention of the French Academy to a new method of obtaining, by a cold process, a silicate completely insoluble which can be applied either as an external coating, as in the case of glass or iron, or made to penetrate through the interior of the substance, as for the preservation of wood and other vegetable matters. The process is very simple: a thin coating of slaked lime made into a paste with water, or whitewash, is laid on the object to be silicatized, and when this has been allowed to dry, silicate of potash is applied over the coating; the effect, it is asserted, being that all the portions touched by the solution of potash become completely insoluble, and of very great adherence. In order to obtain an insoluble silicate in the interior of a substance, all that is necessary is to impregnate it by immersing it in whitewash, or lime water, and when it is dry to steep it in a solution of the silicate of potash.

By this means it is proposed to prevent the decomposition of vegetable substances by petrifying them; also to protect porous building stones and bricks against air and damp; iron, by a coating of paper, pulp or other finely-divided woody matter, mixed with slaked lime.

Again, letters, characters, or any other device can be traced with the silicate on any surface spread with lime, and those portions touched by the silicate will alone adhere and become insoluble. Or, if they be traced with a solution of gum arabic, and the whole be washed over with the silicate, the parts protected by the gum can be washed off, the rest remaining in relief, as the letters etc., do in the first place.

The process sems to be substantially the same as the English process, known as Ransome’s.

A Good Whitewash.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

At this season people generally set their houses in order and prepare for the hot weather. As whitewash is in great request it may not be inappropriate to publish the following recipe. It is intended for buildings or out door use but is also adapted for walls. Let us say here that we have never found anything equal to glue for fixing the lime on the walls. It should be liberally applied, say half a pound to a washtub full of whitewash, and if well stirred in will never fail. There is no greater nuisance than whitewash that rubs off on everything that touches it. - We quote from the Chemical Gazette:—

"Take a clean water tight barrel, or other suitable cask, and put into it a half bushel of lime. Slack it by pouring boiling water over it, and in sufiicient quantity to cover five inches deep, stirring it briskly till thoroughly slacked. When slacking has been effected, dissolve in water and add two pounds of sulphate of zinc and one of common salt. These will cause the wash to harden and prevent it cracking, which gives an unseemly appearance to the work. If desirable a beautiful cream color may be communicated to the above wash by adding three pounds of yellow ocher. This wash may be a lied with a common white wash brush, and wi be found much superior, both in appearance and durability, to common whitewash."

French Polish for Boots.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

Logwood chips, half a pound; glue, quarter of a pound; indigo, pounded very fine, quarter of an ounce. Boil these ingredients in two pints of vinegar and one of water during ten minutes after ebullition, then strain the liquid. When cold it is fit for use. To apply the each polish, the dirt must be cleaned from the boots or shoes; when these are guite dry, the liquid polish is put on with a bit of sponge.

Manufacture of Zinc White.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, July 1867

Zinc-white may be prepared from any zinc ores or old zinc by roasting the same for the purpose of producing the oxyd and treating the latter with a hot solution of muriate of ammonia, which dissolves the oxyd of zinc, while other metals contained in the ore remain behind If the solution is coloured the addition of a small quantity of carbonate of soda will cause a slight precipitate, when the solution will appear clear. The solution is then filtered, when upon cooling the oxyd precipitates, together with a double salt of ammonia and zinc but slightly soluble in cold water. This precipitate is washed, treated with hot water, when the double salt becomes decomposed and the oxyd of zinc is precipitated as a dense white powder, which is washed and dried.

Straw and Clothes Bleaching.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

Bolley states that the hypo-chlorite of magnesia bleaches much more quickly than that of lime, with the further advantage in the case of straw goods, that it bleache directly as well as quickly, without first coloring the straw brown as does the hypo-chlorite of lime. Magnesia being a much weaker base than lime, parts with the chlorine much more quickly. The great bleacher is oxygen, and in the form of ozone, nothing oxidable can withstand it. Ozone is said to be rapidly formed when turpentine is exposed to the air, and the writer who mentions this (in a German periodical) recommends laundresses to add to their rinsing water a little pure rectified oil of turpentine mixed (which can be done only by distillation) with twice as much strong alcohol. No smell will remain in the fabric after drying.

Bleaching Process of Mothay and Rousseau.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

The article to be bleached is immersed in a solution of permanganate of soda, which has been rendered slightly acid, and is stirred about for a few minutes, with a glass rod. It is then plunged into a solution of sulphurous acid, which removes the violet brown oxide of manganese deposited upon it in the first bath. After the successive immersions in the two fluids have been repeated two or three times it is found to be beautifully white, without its fibres being the least impaired in strength. In this, as in all the processes which have been used for bleaching, oxygen is the a out which destroys the coloring matters; but is ere applied in the form of ozone, which is disengaged from the per manganate by the organic matters.

Liquid Blacking.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, June 1867

I. Take ivory black 5 oz., molasses 4 oz., sweet oil ¾ oz., triturate until the oil is perfectly killed, then stir in gradually vinegar and beer bottom of each ¼ of a pint and continue the agitation until the mixture is complete.

II. Take ivory black 1 1b., molasses ¾ 1b., sperm oil 2 oz., beer and vinegar each 1 pint; proceed as before.

Black Varnish for Iron.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, May 1867

Pulverized gum asphaltum 2lbs.; gum benzoin ¼ lb.; spirits of turpentine 1 gal.; to make quick keep in a warm place and shake often; shade to suit with finely ground ivory black.

The Manufacture of Russia Leather.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, May 1867

Russia leather, otherwise called "juft leather," is inimitable; at least, hitherto nothing has been produced in any way approaching it. The pains taken by Polish, Austrian, French, and English tanners to imitate the juft leather has met with no success; and though some persist in their endeavours, it is evident that, unless they employ the same means and bestow a like care, their efforts must remain fruitless. This leather is not made of goats skins, only, as some suppose, but also of the largest ox, cow, or rams’ skins, though the best quality is made from goat skins, which is preferred to all others for the manufacture of red leather, on account of its softness and smoothness. It is well-known that this leather emits a very peculiar and agreeable odour; this it derives from an extraction of the birch tree with which the skins are impregnated. The manufacturing process is as follows:

- The hides or skins are put into running water for one week. Each day they are taken out and thoroughly beaten with a wooden brake, and then returned to the water. At the expiration of the time named, they are transferred into a lye, made either of lime or ashes, where they are left for about a month or more, till they are ready for depilation. This done, the next care is to rid them of their alkaline properties, which is effected by putting them into the "Raksha" for twenty-four hours. The Raksha is "white gentian," diluted in fresh water, one pail of which is sufficient for twenty-five skins. The Russian tanners lay great stress on the swelling of the skins; for this purpose they prefer a solution of oatmeal and water, in which they soak the skins for four or five days, and then transfer them to a first solution of tannin, which is extracted from the bark of the willow tree.

In the first solution the skin remains three days; they are then taken out and beaten with the brake, and placed in the second solution which is stronger than the first. After eight or ten days, they are taken out and dried, leaving the fleshy side turned upwards. After being dried, they are again beaten, then greased, dyed, and finished. The red color is produced by uniting alum with logwood, and the dark by mixing alum with green vitriol.

Graining follows the dyeing. This is done with a notched stick passing through the length and breadth of the skin till small furrows are gradually produced. Previous, however, to this operation, the skins are greased on the fleshy side, and after the graining they are again greased, either with birch oil or the oil of linseed, and then they are put on the wooden horse to be smoothed. The Russians have a singular way of dyeing this leather. They sew up the skins together like a sack or bag, closed on all sides, and having but a small aperture through which the dyeing fluid is introduced. The bags are put in motion for some time, so that the fluid shall reach all parts, and the balance is left to run out; the skins are then dried, and again dyed with a sponge. This is repeated two or three times, always leaving them to dry first, before the next colouring is given.

It requires no particular knowledge to distinguish the real Russia leather from the many imitations, a good nose being all that is required. The agreeable smell is the property of no imitation leather, though why the others have it not we are unable to state.

Austria and the German States greatly patronize this staple article. At the yearly fair of Leipsic many Russia leather merchants change their commodity and go away heavily laden with hard cash. The prices are regulated by the sorts or qualities, of which there are three: first, or best; second, or middle; third, or inferior sort. The last two sorts are not subdivided; but the first is subdivided into four or five different classes, according to the suppleness and smoothness of the leather. Italy consumes the most of the heavier, or lower grades of this leather. The sales are effected by weight; the Russian püd is 40-lb. weight. The best skins generally averages seven skins to the püd, the other four or five, which are packed in small packages of ten skins each, and then ten packages are made up intoa ball, and tied upinto mats. When brought into the market they are examined, to see whether they have been damaged through the voyage. This is known by the white spots that appear on the surface.

- Stationer and Fancy Trades Reporter

Making Trees Imbibe Color

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, April 1867

Newest among what Mr. Tennyson calls the "fairy gifts of science," we notice an invention of Mr. Hyett to make trees imbibe colour while growing. The results were exhibited lately at the conversazione of the Cirencester Royal Agricultural College, in the form of beautiful sections and planchettes of wood, stained with various hues. Metallic salts are introduced in the substance of the growing tree, apparently caried up by the sap, and forced into the fibre and cells of the stem. So we can make our forests play the part of their own stainers and grainers, and cut down a pine already prepared to imitate expensive walnut or exotic mahogany. There is only one thing left to desire - that, after being thus stained, the wood could be induced to grow into the forms of tables, chairs and wardrobes. Nor shall we despair of such a result, since the Americans have long talked of a machine into which you put raw cotton at one end, and by-and-by there emerges at the other a calico shirt, hemmed, starched, ironed, with the buttons all on, and neatly marked.

- London Telegraph

Production of Natural Colors by Photography.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, April 1867

M. Neipce de St. Victor has recently communicated to the French Academic des Sciences the results ofhis latest researches, having for their object to obtain and fix the colors of nature by means of photography. His paper is full of very important, new and interesting facts, proving that the fixation of natural colors on the photographic tablet as a practicable and available result, which for a long time has been considered as a dream, is not perhaps so far from being fully realized — not as a mere scientific experiment, but as the completion of the splendid discovery of photography.

The process of M. Niepcede St. Victor may be shortly described as follows: - The silver plate must first be chlorurised, and then dipped into a bath containing fifty centigrammes of an alcoholic solution of soda for every 100 grammes of water, to which a small quantity of chloride of sodium is then added. The temperature of the bath is raised to about sixty degrees centigrade, and than the plate is only left in for a few seconds, the liquid being stirred all the time. The plate being taken out, it is rinsed in water and then warmed until it acquires a bluish-violet bus, which is probably produced by the reduction of a small quantity of chloride of silver. The plate is now coated with a varnish composed of dextrine and chloride of lead. In this way all the colors of the original, including white or black of more or less intensity, are reproduced, according as the plate has been prepared, and as the blacks of the copy are either dull or brilliant. The reduction of the chloride should not be too great, because otherwise nothing but pure black or pure white could be obtained; and in order to avoid this inconvenience a little chloride of sodium is added to the soda bath. A few drops of ammonia will produce the same effect. By this process a colored drawing, representing a French guardsman, was reproduced by M. Niepce, with the exception of one of the black gaiters, which he had cut and replaced with white paper. The black hat and the other gaiter produced a strong impression on the plate, while the white gaiter was perlectly reproduced in white. Much more intense blacks may be obtained by previously reducing the stratum of chloride of silver by the action of light; but then all the other colors lose the brilliancy in proportion.

This production of black and white is a considerable step in heliochomy. It is a most curious and interesting fact, for it would prove that black is not entirely the absence of light, but is a color of itself, producing its own effects, as well as the other colors. This was illustrated by the experiment made at the suggestion of M. Chevreul, the celebrated member of the Académie des Sciences whose known researches on the contrast and effect of colors are so instructive and interesting. Accordingly, M. Neipce tried to represent on his plate the black pro used by the absepce of light in a hollow tube. But the hole produced no effect, or rather it was negative, which is not the case when the black of natural objects, represented in a colored picture reflects its own tints, or, if we may say so, its own rays — endowed it would appear, like all others, with chemical action, for the apparent reason that the hole could not reflect any rays, and its blackness is the result only of the absence of all rays. The same thing may be said of the white, but less extraordinarily; for the white being the result of the rays united, it may be more easily understood that the chemical action of the white would be the compound result of the various rays of which it is composed, and that result is the same as that whichgives us the sensation of white. Certainly the reproduction of black and white by M. Niepce de St. Victor is a most extra ordinary fact unfolded by his beautiful discovery, and perhaps more surprising than the reproduction of all the colors themselves.

It is not possible at present to foresee all the consequences of the researches of M. Neipce de St. Victor. It may be the seed that in the field of science will, by proper cultivation, grow into a gigantic tree, from which time will probably reap the most nutritious and wonderful fruits.

- British Journal of Photography

Cheap Paint

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, April 1867

An exchange says the cheapest paint, properly so called, is made by mixing ochre or fine sifted clay with crude petroleum. We have seen a coating of this paint that had stood six years and appeared to be about as good as when applied. The cost was about one-third that of common paint. The best and cheapest application of all is that of crude petroleum, without any mixture, the oil used alone penetrating deep into the wood and rendering it permanently durable.

Soluble Blue

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, April 1867

Dr. Brucke obtains soluble Prussian blue by preparing a solution of 217 parts of yellow prussiate of potash and one of sesquichloride or tersulphate of iron made of 72 parts of protosulphate, or its equivalent of metallic iron, mixing each solution before they are brought together, with twice its volume of cold saturated solution of glaubersalts. The iron liquor is then added to the prussiate, keeping them well stirred, the precipitate is washed by decantation, until the washings come off blue. It is then transferred to a strainer, and afterwards dried and pressed between paper.

Cheap Rough Paint

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, February 1867

Hydraulic cement, six parts; fine beech sand, two parts; salt, one part; mixed with water to the consistency of cream, and then applied to a rough surface.

India-Rubber Varnish.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, February 1867

That india-rubber dissolved in various liquids yields a good varnish is well known; but in general they are too viscid for delicate purposes, and are only good for making stuffs water-proof. India rubber liquefied by heat, dissolved in oil or coal-tar, or drying linseed oil, does not give a varnish of sufficient fluency or free from smell. Moreover, a considerable quantity of indie-rubber remains undissolved in a gelatinous state, suspended in the liquid, so that the solution is never clear. Dr. Bolly has recently published some remarks on this subject which may be useful. If india-rubber be cut into small pieces and digested in sulphuret of carbon a jelly will be formed; this must be treated with benzine, and thus a. much greater propor tion of caoutchouc will be dissolved than would be done by any other method. The liquid must be strained through a woolen cloth, and the sulphuret of carbon be drawn off by evaporation in a water bath; after which the remaining liquid may be diluted at will with benzine, and frequently shaking the bottle which contains it. The jelly thus formed will partly dissolve, yielding a liquid which is thicker than benzine, and may be obtained very clear by filtration and rest. The residue may be separated by straining, and will furnish an excellent water-proof composition. As for the liquid itself, it incorporates easily with all fixed or volatile oils. It dries very fast, and does not shine unless mixed with resinous varnishes. It is extremely flexible, may be spread in very thin layers, and remains unaltered under the influence of air and light. It may be employed to varnish geographical maps or prints, because it does not reflect light disagreeably as resinous varnishes do, and is not subject to crack or come off in scales. It may be used to fix black chalk or pencil drawings; and unsised paper when covered with varnish may be written on with ink.

- Applied Chemistry.

No. 3. Amber(Knowledge by the fireside.)

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, February 1867

This curious substance is familiar to most persons in the shape of beads, buttons, and mouth-pieces for meerschaums. It is found in nodules in the lower part of what geologists call the Tertiary formation. It is frequently found between the bark and the wood of fossil trees, which shows that it was a resinous matter as formed in those trees which exude that class of substances.

That amber was once a soft substance is evident from the fact that insects, ieaves, and other portions of vegetables are frequently found in them, perfectly preserved in all their parts, just the same as if an insect became fastened and imbedded in a soft gum on a tree which afterwards hardened to a solid. Naturalists have detected and described more than eight hundred different species of insects thus entombed in the amber. Though found in the most northern regions, they appear to have been tropical insects, showing that the climate was warmer during the period of their existence than now, while not a single species is known to exist at the present time.

The most important locality, perhaps, of amber, is along the shores of the Baltic sea. It is frequently worked out of the day along the banks of small streams, or on the shores of the sea, and is gathered by the fishermen, who sell it to the merchants to be transported over the world. It also abounds in Sicily, Poland, Saxony and Siberia. It has also been found at Gay Head, Massachusetts, and in Greenland.

Amber is of a yellow color, and is composed of nearly equal portions of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, like common vegetable resin. It burns like resin with a white flame and gives out a pungent odor. It is but little heavier than water. If you take a smooth piece and rub it on flannel it will be powerfully electric and will attract bits of paper. It sometimes becomes so highly electrical when undergoing the polishing process as to fly to pieces, and it affects the arms and wrists of the workmen with peculiar nervous tremors which are anything but pleasant. — Two pieces of amber may be readily joined together by smearing the smooth surfaces with pure linseed oils, and pressing them strongly together and heating them over a charcoal fire. Amber is employed for trinkets to a very great extent in the East. This is especially the case with the Turks, consequently the trade in amber is greater with them than elsewhere. Amber has been much used in making varnishes, and the nice black varnish used by coach-makers, is said to be made of amber and other substances An artificial musk has also been made of it. The demand for amber is fully equal to the supply.

It has served to corroborate by its geological position one of the great questions in geology, that at the time when it was found, and previous to that period, the northern portions of the globe were washed by the warm waters of the ocean the same as they now exist in the tropical regions of the globe.

Colored Starch.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, January 1867

This, says a London paper, is the latest and greatest novelty of the season. It is made in pink, buff, the new mauve, and a delicate green, and blue will soon he produced. Any article starched with the new preparation is completely colored - dyed we should have said, but as it washes out, and the garment that was pink to-day may be green to-morrow, and buff afterwards we can hardly say "dyed". It is intended especially for those bright but treacherously colored muslins that are costly, wash out and perplex their owners. If the pattern has been mauve, they only need the mauve starch, if green, green starch; and they can be rendered one even and pretty shade, thus becoming not only wearable again, put very stylish. White anti-macassars, or lace curtains may also be colored in the same way, and infinite variety afforded.

New Process for Staining Wood

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, January 1867

In a recent report of the "Proceedings of the Franklin Institute," we find described a process of staining wood, by Barton H. Jenks, that promises to be of some utility. In the manufacture of some articles, where there is an amount of wear, or the articles are subject to abrasion, the beauty of the finished article is soon gone by the surface stain being soon worn through, and then the original color of the wood appears, rendering it unsightly, and its value is consequently impaired. But when, as by this process, the color is made to permeate the entire body of the article, even if it be seriously injured, it can be easily repaired or varnished so as to hide the defect. The process is described as follows:

"The wood to be treated is placed in a closed vessel, which is connected with an air pump, and the air is removed. The coloring fluid is then allowed to enter and permeate the wood, which it does in a very thorough manner, on account of the removal of all air from the fiber. The excess of fluid is then pumped out, or the wood is removed and allowed to dry in the usual way. The specimens exhibited were all of white pine, and were stained with the following substances:

1. Nitrate of iron ......... Warm grey, light
2. Nitrate or iron and paraffine ......... Warm grey, dark.
3. Sulphate of iron ......... Colder grey, light.
4. Sulphate of iron and paraffine ......... Colder grey, dark.
5. Sulphate of iron and logwood ......... Like 3.
6. Sulphate of iron, logwood, and paraffine ......... Like 2.
7. Chromate of potash ......... Yellow gray, light.
8. Chromate of potash and paraffine ......... Yellow gray, dark.
9. Bichromate of potash ......... Yellow gray, between 7 and 0.
10. Bichromate of potash and paraffine ......... Very rich yellow gray.
11. Logwood ......... Light orange.
12. Logwood and paraffine ......... Dark orange.
13. Aniline blue ......... Bluish slate.
14. Aniline blue and paraffine ......... Bluish slate, dark.
15. Aniline red ......... Violet, with yellow shade
16. Aniline red and paraffine ......... A little darker than 15.
17. Aniline solferino ......... Rich purple.
18. Aniline solferino and paraffine ......... Rich purple, darker.

"The blocks exhibited were sections cut from larger sticks after treatment, and they showed the color to have penetrated very evenly and thoroughly."

-American Artisan.

Dyeing of Horn Buttons, &c.

The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, January 1867

1. Dull Black

The buttons are boiled in a saturated sugar of lead, until the color has acquired the desired shade. According to the quality of the horn, this may take a quarter to half an hour. The buttons should then be washed with water, slightly acidulated with vinegar.

2. Iron Black.

The buttons, after being treated as stated in No. 1. are placed in a cold solution of an alkaline sulphuret. The result is, the buttons possess a bright, metallic lustre.

3. Pearl.

After undergoing the treatment of No.1, the buttons are brought into diluted muriatic acid, containing 3 per cent of the strong acid. This weak solution produces, according to the duration of its influence, all shades, from the darkest blackish blue to the lightest white.

4. Silver-Gray.

The buttons from No. 1, are placed in a solution of nitrate of mercury, saturated at a temperature of 140 degs.-170 degrees Fah. The treatment in this bath should last ten to twenty minutes, which, if cleanliness is observed, will produce most elegant results.

5. Chocolate Brown.

The buttons from No. 4 are boiled for about a quarter of an hour in a concentrated but thin solution of catechu.

6. Chocolate Brown Dark.

The buttons from No. 5 are placed in a warm bath of bicarbonate of potash, containing 3 per cent of the salt. With the duration of the treatment the color darkens.

7. Chocolate Brown.

The buttons of No.5, are placed in a. warm solution of sugar of lead, saturated at the common temperature. This color looks especially well in knife handles, etc.

8. Bronze Brown.

The buttons from No. 4 are placed in a solution of aesculine (the pigment of the horse chestnut), and treated and boiled as in No. 5.

9. Bronze Brown.

The buttons from No. 4 are boiled for quarter of an hour in a concentrated solution of green vitriol, and then in aesculine. The resulting bronze differs materially from the former, possessing great softness.

10. Light Brown.

The buttons from No. 4 are boiled in a solution of galls or pure tannin. This is especially adapted to netty designs, to which it imparts a silky lustre.

Upon the sensitive surface, produced by treatment No. 4. a great many combinations of colors may be produced.

- Scientific American.

Afhandling om Indigos tillverkning af Weide-Örten

Allmän litteraturtidning utgifven af ett sällskap i Åbo 25, 29.3.1803

Afhandling om Indigos tillverkning af Weide-Örten, utgifven efter Kongl. Commerce Collegii föranstaltande. 1801. tryckt hos Carl Fr. Murquard, 36. S. 8:0 (kostar häftad 8 sk.)

Emedan stora penningesummor årligen ifrån riket utgå till inköp af den dyrbara Indigo färgen, har Kgl. Commerce Collegium varit omtänkt, att meddela Svenska Allmänheten en tydelig beskrifning, huru denna färg af inhemska växter kunde tillredas. Hr. Myntgv. P. J. Hjelm har fullgjort dess önskan genom denna afhandiing, som till det mesta är en Öfversättning af Hr. Wieglebs 1784 i detta ämne utgifne skrift. I företalet uppräknar Hr. H. de Svenska örter, som han förmodar att, likasom Weiden, vara tjenliga för Indigo-beredning. Weide-Örtens utseende och kännemärken äro, efter Hr. Prof. O. Swartz's granskning [-]d noggranket beskrefna. Sedan det som hör till Weidens kultur och skörd blifvit afhandladt, förekommer en omständelig underrättelse om de till Indigo manufaktur af Weide erfordeliga byggnader, kärl och veiktyg, samt nödig keskrifning öfver sjelfva indegs tillverkningen. Bladen af Weide uppblötas i tillröklig mängd vatten, och lämnas till dess de färgande delarna genom en rötaktig jäsning blifvit upplöste. Vattnet, som då är mörkgrönt, aftappas och omarbetas genom en ständig rörelse, till dess färg-partiklarna skilja sig, och gifva luten ett smutsigt blått utseende. Genon hvila afsätter sig den blå färgen som sedermera tvättas och torkas. Såsom bihang är ifrån Upsala Oecanom. Tidning N:o 4a för år 1765 tillagdt ett sätt att utan synnerlig appareiöl på kort tid frambringa indigo. Weiden utlakas med kokhett vatten, och den afsilade luten blandas under starkt omrörande med kalkvatten, hvarigenom färgen afskiljes, som genom svag svafvelsyra ytterligare renas.

Recent Patents: To ALEXANDER DIXON and JAMES DIXON, of Clackheaton, near Leeds, in the county of York, manufacturing chemists, for their invention of improvements in dyeing, by the application of materials not hitherto so used.- [Sealed 29th April, 1837.]

The London Journal of Arts and Sciences; and Repertory of Patent Inventions. Conducted by W. Newton, Civil Engineer and Mechanical Draftsman. Vol. XI. London, 1838.

This invention is comprised in a small compass. The Patentees say, according to the ordinary processes of dyeing browns, greens, olives, Saxon blucs, and blacks, a substance called "argal" (crude tartar) is employed as a mordant, as is well understood by dyers, which is an expensive material. Now, the object of this invention is to employ sulphate of soda as a mordant in the process of dyeing, in place of argal, by which the process of dyeing will be materially improved, both as to the cost and in other particulars.

The sulphate of soda is to be ground and sifted, in order to obtain it in the state of fine powder, similar to the condition in which argal is prepared for the dyer; and the subsequent treatment of sulphate of soda ist similar to that pursued in preparing and employing argal as a mordant; and a dyer, acquainted with the ordinary process of using argal will, by substituting sulphate of soda, find the working of this invention easily to be performed; and he will find, that in many respects, the colours will be produced more readily than when argal is used, and hence the time occupied in the dyeing of some colours be shortened.

It should be remarked, that the sulphate of soda obtained from the nitrate of soda, is that which is most generally effective for the various colours above mentioned; but the sulphate of soda obtained from common salt (muriate of soda), though less valuable, as requiring more observation and care of the dyer, may be advantageously employed for a mordant in dyeing heavy colours, particularly browns and greens.

The Patentees add, by way of conclusion, "Having thus explained the nature of our invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, what we claim as our invention, is the using of sulphate of soda in the process of dyeing, as above described."

— [Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, October, 1837.]

Report upon dyeing cloth with Prussian blue.By Messrs. Merle, Malartic, Poncet, and Co., Saint Denis.

The London Journal of Arts and Sciences; and Repertory of Patent Inventions. Conducted by W. Newton, Civil Engineer and Mechanical Draftsman. Vol. XI. London, 1838.

The process of dyeing woollen goods with Prussian blue has particularly attracted the notice of chemists for the last twenty years. The experiments which have been made in this science, by Messrs. Ramond, Sonchon, Chevreul, and by one of our colleagues, M. Dumas, have completely resolved the scientific question of fixing Prussian blue upon wool. Some of these experiments have been made upon so great a scale, as to leave no doubt as to the practicability of its general application. The question is then to know, if dyeing with Prussian blue can sustain a competition with indigo, as regards price, beauty, solidity, and duration. It would, doubtless, be a great service rendered to the country, to be able to use advantageously, an article that may be easily made in all places and in all weathers, instead of a substance which is an exotic, and of a high price. Such a result would be well worthy of the rewards of the society. According to the testimony of your president, M. C. Baron Thenard, and by that of many other gentlemen of celebrity and good faith, who have worn cloths dyed by the Prussian blue of Messrs. Merle, Malartic, Poncet, and Co., this dyeing process wears at least as well as indigo; and the seams and other parts of the clothes that are exposed to continual friction do not become white, although the cloth is dyed in the piece. According to the report of the beauty of the colour, the specimens sent leave nothing to be desired. The reflection of the colour gives a vivacity and purity of tone which is never met with in indigo dyes, particularly in the clear shade. The chemical experiments that have been made with these specimens, have proved that the dye has really Prussian blue for its base, that it contained no indigo, that it was decomposable by caustic alkalies, but that it resisted very well the action of acids and of chlorine. Your commissioners, who have visited the establishment of Messrs. Merle, Malartic, Poncet, and Co., at St. Denis, have found it arranged for working upon a large scale. They have there seen pieces of cloth in the course of manufacture, and others entirely finished. These pieces appeared to them to be of a very fine colour, perfectly dyed, and the quality of the wool well kept. They have also been able to acquire proofs (by the register and correspondence that has been given to them ) that this establishment works for commerce, and that business is carried on with many important houses in the cloth trade. In this state of things, the committee would have wished to be able to propose a reward of the first order, for Messrs. Merle, Malartic, Poncet, and Co.; but these gentlemen wishing to keep for some time longer the secret of their application of dyeing; and the statutes of the society not allowing any reward to be granted, except to a perfect and complete communication of the whole process, your committee feel bound to make honourable mention of them, in order to reserve to them all their rights for a more important reward, when they shall deem it expedient to make their process known.
- Signed, Bussey Reporter, Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement.

The Dyer, and the Calico Printer.

The Panorama of Professions and Trades; or Every Man's Book.
By Edward Hazen.
Embellished with Eighty-two Engravings.
Philadelphia: Published by Uriah Hunt.
1837.

The Dyer.

1. The art of dyeing consists in impregnating flexible fibres with any colour which may be desired, in such a manner that it will remain permanent, under the common exposures to which it may be liable.

2. The union of the colouring matter with the fibres receiving the dye, is purely chemical, and not mechanical, as in the case of the application of paints. Wool has the greatest attraction for colouring substances; silk comes next to it; then cotton; and, lastly, hemp and flax. These materials, also, absorb dye-stuffs, in different proportions.

3. Previously to the application of the dye, the greasy substance which covers the fibres of wool, and the gluey matter on those of silk, are removed by some kind of alkali. Their natural colour is, also, discharged by the fumes of sulphur. The resinous matter, and natural colour of cotton and linen, are removed by bleaching.

4. The materials used in dyeing are divided into two classes-substantive and adjective. The former communicates durable tints, without the aid of any other substance previously applied; the latter requires the intervention of some agent which possesses an attraction, both for the colouring matter and the stuff to be dyed, in order to make the colour permanent. The substances used for this purpose, are usually termed mordants.

5. Agents capable of acting, in some way, as mordants, are very numerous; but alumina, alum, the sulphate, or acetate of iron, the muriate of tin, and nutgalls, are principally employed. The mordant not only fixes the colour, but, in many cases, alters and improves the tints. It is always dissolved in water, in which the stuffs are immersed, previously to the application of the dye. Dyeing substances are also very numerous; but a few of the most important have, in practice, taken precedence of the others.

6. Blue, red, yellow, and black, are the chief colours, for which appropriate colouring substances are applied; but, by a judicious combination of these same materials, and by a proper application of mordants, intermediate hues of every shade are produced: thus, a green is communicated by forming a blue ground of indigo, and then adding a yellow, by means of quercitron bark.

7. The blue dye is made of indigo; the red dye, of madder, cochineal, archil, Brazil-wood, or safflowers; the yellow dye, of quercitron bark, turmeric, hickory, weld, fustic, or saffron; the black dye, of the oxide of iron, combined with logwood, or the bark of the common red, or soft maple, with the sulphate, or acetate of iron. The dyes made of some of these substances require the aid of mordants, and those from others do not.

8. In communicating the intermediate hues, the different dyestuffs forming the leading colours are sometimes mixed; and, at other times, they are made into separate dyes, and applied in succession.

9. In this country, the business of the dyer is often united with that of the clothier; but where the amount of business will justify it, as in manufactories, and in cities or large towns, it is a separate business. The dyers sometimes confine their attention to particular branches: some dye wool only, or silk, while others confine themselves to certain colours, such as scarlet and blue. The principal profits of the dyer, when unconnected with manufacturing establishments, arise from dyeing garments, or stuffs, which have been partly worn.

10. The origin of the art of dyeing is involved in great obscurity, as the ancients have not furnished even a fable, which might guide us in our researches. It is evident, however, that the art must have made considerable progress, long before authentic history begins. Moses speaks of stuffs dyed blue, purple, and scarlet, and of sheep-skins dyed red. The knowledge of the preparation of these colours, implies an advanced state of the art at that early period.

11. Purple was the favourite colour of the ancients, and appears to have been the first which was brought to a state of tolerable perfection. The discovery of the mode of communicating it, is stated to have been accidental. A shepherd's dog, while on the sea-shore, incited by hunger, broke a shell, the contents of which stained his mouth with a beautiful purple; and the circumstance suggested the application of the shell-fish as a colouring substance. This discovery is thought to have been made about fifteen hundred years before the advent of Christ.

12. The Jews esteemed this colour so highly, that they consecrated it especially to the service of the Deity, using it in stuffs for decorating the tabernacle, and for the sacred vestments of the high-priests. The Babylonians, and other idolatrous nations, clothed their idols in habits of purple, and even supposed this colour capable of appeasing the wrath of the gods.

13. Among the heathen nations of antiquity, purple was appropriated to the use of kings and princes, while their subjects were debarred the use of this favourite colour. In Rome, at a later period, purple habits were worn by the chief officers of the republic, and, at length, by the opulent, until the emperors reserved to themselves the exclusive privilege.

14. There were several kinds of shell-fish, from which this colouring substance was obtained, each of which communicated a shade somewhat different from the others. The kind collected near Tyre was the best; and hence the Tyrian purple acquired especial celebrity. So highly was it esteemed by the Romans, in the time of Augustus, that wool imbued with this colour was sold for one thousand denarii per pound, which, in our currency, amounts to one hundred and sixty-eight dollars.

15. After all, the boasted purple of antiquity is supposed to have been a very inferior dye, when compared with many which we now possess; and this is only one among many instances wherein modern science has given us a decided superiority over the ancients.

16. The colour second in repute with the people of antiquity, was scarlet. This colour was communicated by means of an insect called coccus, and which is now denominated kermes. Besides the various hues of purple and scarlet, several others were in some degree of favour; such as green, orange, and blue. The use of vegetable dyes appears to have been but little known to the Romans; but the Gauls had the knowledge of imparting various colours, even the purple and scarlet, with the juice of certain herbs.

17. The irruption of the northern barbarians into the Roman empire, destroyed this, with the rest of the arts of civilization, in the western parts of Europe; but, having been preserved, more or less, in the East, it was again revived in the West principally by means of the intercourse arising from the Crusades.

18. Although indigo seems to have been known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, yet it does not appear to have been used for dyeing. The first that was applied to this purpose in Europe, was brought from India by the Dutch; but its general use was not established, without much opposition from interested individuals. It was strictly prohibited in England, in the reign of Elizabeth; and, about the same time, in Saxony. Many valuable acquisitions were made to the materials employed in this art, on the discovery of America; among which may be enumerated, cochineal, logwood, Brazil-wood, and nicaragua, together with the soft maple and quercitron barks.

19. The first book on the art of dyeing was published in 1429. This, of course, remained in manuscript, as the art of printing had not then been discovered: an edition was printed in 1510. The authors to whom the world is most indebted for correct information on this subject, are Dufuy, Hallet, Macquir, and Berthollet, of France; and Henry, and Bancroft, of England; —all of whom wrote in the eighteenth century.

The Calico-Printer.

1. Calico-printing is a combination of the arts of dyeing, engraving, and printing, wherewith is produced a great variety of figures, both in regard to form and colouring. This art is applicable to woven fabrics, and chiefly to those of which the material is cotton.

2. The first object, after preparing the stuffs, as in dyeing, is to apply a mordant to those parts of the piece which are to receive the colour. This is now usually done by means of a steel or copper cylinder, on which have been engraved the proposed figures, as on plates for copperplate-printing.

3. During the printing, the cylinder, in one part of its revolution, becomes charged with the mordant, the superfluous part of which is scraped off by a straight steel edge, leaving only the portion which fills the lines of the figures. As the cylinder revolves, the cloth comes into forcible contact with it, and receives the complete impression of the figures, in the pale colour of the mordant.

4. The cloth, after having been washed and dried, is passed through the colouring bath, in which the parts previously printed become permanently dyed with the intended colour. Although the whole piece receives the dye, yet, by washing the cloth, and bleaching it on the grass in the open air, the colour is discharged from those parts not impregnated with the mordant.

5. By the use of different mordants, successively applied, and a single dye, several colours are often communicated to the same piece of cloth: thus, if stripes are first made with the acetate of alumina, and then others with the acetate of iron, a colouring bath of madder will produce red and brown stripes. The same mordants, with a dye of quercitron bark, give yellow and olive, or drab.

6. Sometimes, the second mordant is applied by means of engravings, on wooden blocks. Cuts designed for this purpose, are engraved on the side of the grain, and not on the end, like those for printing books.

7. Calico-printing, so far as chemical affinities are concerned, is the same with dyeing. The difference consists, chiefly, in the mode of applying the materials, so as to communicate the desired tints and figures. The dye-stuffs most commonly employed by calico-printers, are indigo, madder, and quercitron bark: by a dexterous application of these, and the mordants, a great variety of colours can be produced. Indigo, being a substantive colour, does not require the aid of mordants, but, like them, when other dyes are used, is applied directly to the cloth, sometimes by the engraved cylinder or block, and at others with the pencil, by hand.

8. Calico-printing was practised in India, twenty-two centuries ago, when Alexander the Great visited that country with his victorious army. The operation was then performed with a pencil: this method is still used in the East, to the exclusion of every other. The art was also practised in Egypt, in Pliny's time.

9. Calicoes were first brought to England in the year 1631. They derive their name from the city of Calicut, whence they were first exported to Europe. This branch of business was introduced into London, in the year 1676. Since that time, it has been encouraged by several acts of parliament; but it never became extensive in England, until the introduction of the machinery for spinning cotton. It is supposed, that the amount of cottons annually printed in the United States, cannot be less than twenty millions of yards.

Maininta nahanvärjäyksessä julkaisussa Bucht: Akademisk Afhandling Om Hollola Socken Uti Tavastland, Med Philosophiska Facultetens Samtycke

Akademisk Afhandling Om Hollola Socken Uti Tavastland, Med Philosophiska Facultetens Samtycke,
Under Ord. Cbemiæ Professoren, Plantage Directeuren i Finland, Riddaren af Kongl. Wasa-Orden, Ledamoten af Kongl. Svenska Wetenskaps-Academien, Kejserlige Oeconomiske Societeten i Pettersburg, Lärdoms Societeterne i Upsala, Lund, Götheborg, m. m.
Herr Pehr Adrian Gadds Tylsyn För Lagerkrantsen Utarbetad och til allmän granskning framgifven Af
Johan Fredrich Bucht, Tavastlänninge.
I Åbo Academiens Öfre Lärosal eft. midd. den 13 Junii 1792.
Tyrck i Frenckellska Boktryckeriet.

Om Soknens Sjöar, Åar och Källor.

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Martialis viittaa usein rautaan, joten todennäköisesti kyseessä on jokin rautamineraali.Källor träffas här i Söknen af flere slag. De Minerale, af hvilka så här förekomma, äro allmännast acidulæ martialis victriolicæ, af hvilka Bönderna uptaga jorden, at jämte ahlbark, därmed fästa svart färg på läder.

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Specification of the Patent granted to SAMUEL JOHN SMITH, of Gaythorne, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Dyer; for an Improved Method of Staining, Printing, or Dying, on Silk, Woollen, Cotton, Yarn, or Goods manufactured of Cotton.

The Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and agriculture. No. CLXVII (167). Second series. April 1816.

Tekstiin lisätty kappaleita lukemisen helpottamiseksi. // Paragraphs added to help reading.

Dated June 29, 1815.

To all to whom these presents shall come, & c. NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Samuel John Smith, do hereby declare that the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in manner following; that is to say: My discovery consists in the preparation of a mordant, which I obtain from certain vegetables of British growth, which never before have been employed for the purpose of producing a mordant, and which mordant may be used with advantage for dying, raising, fixing, and printing, certain colours employed in the arts of calico printing, and in the dying of silkeń, woollen, and cotton stuffs.

The vegetables from which I extract this mordant, are the following, namely, the bark, leaves, and wood of the trees called the Spanish chesnut, the horse chesnut, the birch, the willow, and the hazel; but with regard to the comparative value or useful application of this species of trees, with a view to obtain this mordant, I prefer the bark and wood of the horse chesnut, and the bark and wood of the Spanish chesnut, to either of the other barks, woods, or leaves of the other species of trees, because I have discovered that the bark or wood, or the bark and wood together, of the horse and Spanish chesnut trees, contain a greater quantity of tannin, gallic, and extract, than any of the other vegetables before named; and these are the materials which are essential to the action of the mordant under consideration: and the same may be said of the leaves of the respective trees before- named, all of which, when compared with the wood of the same species of trees, contain a greater quantity of the active principles than can be obtained from a like quantity of the wood of the trees of the same species; nevertheless either of the before-mentioned vegetable materials may be used singly or conjointly, because they all are fit to afford the same mordant, and the difference consists only in strength, but the principle of its action is the same, from whatever the before-mentioned substances the mordant may have been produced.

Further to extract the mordant from the above-mentioned indigeneous vegetable materials I proceed in the following manner: I boil a quantity of the vegetable substance either with whiting, chalk, or quick lime, or potash, soda, or any substance which contains these alkaline or earthy bodies in a free or uncombined state, such as soapmaker's alkaline ley, barilla, kelp, & c. with a sufficient quantity of water, according to the strength of the mordant required; I then strain the liquor from the insoluble residue, and apply it in the usual manner.

In all those bases and processes to be named presently, where sumack or gall nuts are employed for the dying, fixing, raising, and printing colouring substances into the fibres and textures of silk, woollen, and cotton stuffs, and which colouring materials may thus be fixed without the use and application of gall nuts and sumacks; the colours to which this new mordant may be applied with peculiar advantage, are the following:

Black.
I first work or impregnate the goods with this new discovered mordant, next in a solution of green vitriol, and then in lime liquor, after which I work them again in logwood liquor, mixed with my new discovered mordant, according to the colour wanted; and lastly, I wash off in the usual manner.

Washing Black.
The goods are first to be worked in a ley made of American pearl ashes, or any other alkali; they are then worked in a solution of nitrate of iron, called aqua fortis, killed with steel or iron, or in common iron liquor, or acetate of iron, and again in the above ley, then in the new mordant, prepared with regard to strength according as the colour is wanted, and lastly cleared off with green vitriol, and well washed off in a soap ley.

Washing Fawn.
The goods are first worked in the new mordant, as before stated, and then in a solution of Roman or blue vitriol, or a mixture of it with alum, according to the colour wanted, and lastly washed off in a soap ley.

Another Fawn.
The goods to be worked first in the mordant as before, and then in a solution of green vitriol, and next in lime water, and washed off.

Washing Brown.
The goods are first worked in a solution of aqua fortis killed with steel or iron, called nitrate of iron, then in the mordant, and in ash or soap ley, and cleared off.

Another Brown.
First in the mordant, and then in a solution of green vitriol, and again in the mordant, and lastly washed off in ashes ley.

Buff or Nankeen.
First in the mordant proportioned according to the colour wanted, and then in a solution of tin in aqua fórtis, or spirits of salts, or oil of vitriol, and washed off in a soap ley.

Slate, Mud, and Dove.
First, the mordant mixed in logwood, according to the colour wanted; then in a solution of green vitriol, and washed off

Olive.
First in the liquor composed of mordant and fustic, then in green vitriol and Roman vitriol, washed off and repeated according to the colour wanted.

Washing Drabs.
First, in the mordant, and then in green, vitriol, after which an ash ley, and well washed off in water, then in a slender liquor of oil of vitriol, and washed next in a soap ley, and then in urine, and washed off.

Another Drab.
First in the mordant mixed with fustic, according to the colour wanted, and next in a solution of green vitriol, and washed off.

Bottle Green.
First in the fustic and mordant as above, then in the green and Roman vitriol, washed off, and then in an extract or solution of logwood and fustic, then through a solution of Roman vitriol, and repeated according to the colour wanted.

All these colours may be varied or changed to an almost endless variety of shades or hues according to slight variations in the quantity or quality of the dye stuffs ' employed in the different processes, the time or order of their application, the strength of the new mordant, the modes of mixing the different kinds of dyes, and other practical operations well known to the skilful manufacturer, and on which it is not necessary to speak; and the intelligent workman will readily see that it is the discovery or preparation of a powerful mordant obtained from certain indigenous vegetables, materials never made use of for that purpose, and the useful application of this mordant, that constitutes my claim; and he will also see that by the application of the new mordant, the consumption of foreign articles hitherto employed for like purposes, such as sumack and gall nuts, not only be diminished, but, as in the cases of colours mentioned in this specification, may be wholly superseded by the application of this mordant. These woods, &c. are prepared or ground in the usual way.

In witness whereof, &c.