containing over 6400 receipts embracing thorough information, in plain language, applicable to almost every possible industrial and domestic requirement
William B. Dick
Dick & Fitzgerald, New York 1884.
287. To Dye Mixed Fabrics one Color.
If the mixed fabrics are required to be dyed one uniform color, the double process has often to be adopted, especially for cotton and woolen fabrics, thus:
288. Black on Cotton and Woolen Goods.
First dye the woolen according to No. 192; then, after steeping the goods in sumach, dye the cotton by receipt No. 139.
289. Brown on Cotton and Woolen Goods by one Process.
Work for 2 hours in catechu, as in No. 147; then work at a boiling heat for an hour with 8 ounces bichromate of potassa and 2 ounces tartar; next work for an hour in 2 pounds fustic and 8 ounces cudbear; wash and dry. For a deeper shade, or of a more chocolate hue, add 4 ounces logwood to the cudbear.
290. Black on Silk and Woolens by one Process.
Work for an hour in a solution of 8 ounces tartar and 8 ounces copperas; wash out, then work for 15 minutes in a decoction. of 4 pounds logwood; lift, and add 1 ounce chrome; work for 30 minutes and dry.
291. Black on Cotton, Silk and Wool, by one Process.
Steep for 6 hours in 2 pounds sumach; then work for an hour in a solution of 6 ounces tartar, 6 ounces sulphate of copper, and 6 ounces copperas; wash out, and then work for half an hour in a decoction of 4 pounds logwood; lift, and add 1 ounce copperas; work for 10 minutes, wash and dry.
292. Deep Black.
To obtain a very deep black, add 1 pound of bark to the logwood, and proceed as in last receipt.
293. Drabs on Cotton, Silk and Wool, by one Process.
Work for half an hour in 8 ounces copperas and 4 ounces tartar; lift and drain; then work for half an hour in 4 ounces logwood and 1 ounce bichromate of potassa; wash out and dry. By varying the quantity of logwood, and by introducing a little fustic or peachwood in combination with the logwood, a great variety of drabs, slates or fawns can be produced.
These few receipts for mixed fabrics will show the care required in such operations, although, by practice, they become comparatively simple.
294. To Detect Animal or Vegetable Fibres.
Treat the fabric with bichloride of tin heated to from 130° to 150° Fahr., when the cotton and linen become black, and the wool and silk remain unchanged.
295. To Detect Mixed Fabrics of Cotton and Wool.
Dip a piece of the cloth in bleaching liquor; after a little while the woolen turns yellow, and the cotton white, and may easily be distinguished.
290. To Detect Cotton in Linen.
The piece to be tested should be boiled to remove all dressing, and then dried; put a portion of the piece into common vitriol for about one minute; take it out and wash it in water several times, and then into a weak solution of soda or potash, and all the gummy matter formed is removed by gentle rubbing. By this process the cotton is dissolved and the linen remains, or any portion of the cotton that is not dissolved becomes opaque white, while the linen is transparent. By comparing the portion thus tested, with a similar portion not tried, the quantity of cotton present can easily be estimated.
297. To Detect Cotton in Linen.
Take a small piece of the cloth, boil in water and dry; then take 3 parts, by weight, of sulphuric acid, and 2 parts of crushed nitrate of potassa; put the dry piece of cloth in this mixture fur 6 or 7 minutes, and then wash it in water until there is no taste of acid; dry it at a gentle heat; next put it into a mixture of other and alcohol, which will dissolve the cotton and not the linen. If the piece be weighed before and after putting it into the ether and alcohol, the quantity of cotton in the fabric can be accurately ascertained.
298. To Distinguish Cotton and Wool
Take a small piece of the cloth and boil in caustic soda; the wool will be dissolved, and the cotton remain. If the threads have been previously counted, their relative mixture can be found.
299. To Detect Cotton with Silk or Wool.
Put a piece of the cloth into chlorine water or bleaching liquor. The cotton is whitened, and the silk and wool turn yellow, and can easily be distinguished by the aid of a pocket lens.
300. To Detect Cotton in Silk or Wool
Take a small piece and unravel the threads, and inflame them; the cotton burns away freely and leaves little or no black charcoal; the wool and silk shrivel up, leave a black charcoal, and give a strong smell.
Decidedly the best and safest method, and one applicable in all cases, is a microscopic examination, by which not only the structure, but also the nature of the fibre can be demonstrated. Cotton, wool and silk are easily distinguished by the microscope, as they differ materially in appearance. Cotton forms flat, narrow ribbons, curled up in spirals like those of a corkscrew; wool fibre is stouter than all others, and maybe recognized by its 1 scaly surface, while silk is the thinnest fibre, has the smoothest surface, and possesses the least structure. These appearances are very characteristic, and any one who has observed them once will ever afterwards recognize them again at first sight.
301. To Distinguish Silk and Wool in Fabrics.
Silk can always be identified in a mixture with any other animal or vegetable fibre by means of concentrated hydrochloric acid, which dissolves it completely and immediately, without appreciably affecting any woolen or woody fibre with which the silk may have been interwoven. Strong sulphuric acid has also a powerful solvent effect upon silk, and is likewise much more destructive in its action upon cotton than the other acid. Should it be desired to determine the nature of any fibres remaining after the solution of the silk, it is first necessary to wash and collect them, when they will usually be found destitute of color. To decide whether wool is present or absent, a solution of picric acid may be employed, which instantly imparts is full yellow tint to the wool, but does not in the least affect cotton, linen, or China grass; so that it is only necessary to immerse the fabric in the dye, wring it out, and wash well with water. Should any portion remain of a yellow color, the presence of wool is indicated. Other methods can be employed similar in principle, but the picric acid is believed to be best. Discrimination between the different kinds of fibre can best be prosecuted by means of the microscope, but their quantity is best found by dissolving away one fibre, as already directed, and weighing.
Ei kommentteja:
Lähetä kommentti