The Universal Herbal: Impatiens Balsamina; Garden Balsam.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Peduncles one-flowered, aggregate; leaves lanceolate, the upper ones alternate; nectaries shorter than the flower, which comes out from the joints of the stem. This plant in its wild state is about two feet high, with an upright, round, hispid, juicy, white stem, and ascending branches. Flowers red or white coloured. This plant enlarges very much by culture, and becomes very branching. “I have seen,” says. Professor Martin, “the stems seven inches in circuit, and all the parts large in proportion, branched from top to bottom, loaded with its party-coloured flowers, and thus forming a most beautiful bush.” The varieties which cultivation has produced in this elegant flower are numerous; such as white, purple, red, striped and variegated of these different colours, single and double of each. Mr. Miller particularly mentions two varieties, which may perhaps belong to some of the other species, First, the Immortal Eagle, a most beautiful plant, from the East Indies; the flowers double, much larger than those of the common sort, scarlet and white, or purple and white; and as the flowers are abundant, the plant is very valuable. Secondly, the Cockspur, from the West Indies; which has single flowers as large as the other, but never more than half double, and only with red and white stripes. This is apt to grow to a very large size before it flowers, which is very late in autumn, so that in bad seasons there will be scarcely any flowers, and the seeds seldom ripen. The common single sort will spring in the open ground; and where the seeds scatter, they will come up in the spring. But such self-sown plants do not come to flower so early as those which are raised upon a hot-bed, although they will continue later in the autumn; but to have good flowers, the plant must be raised upon a hot-bed. Gerarde directs the seeds to be sown at the beginning of April in a bed of horse-dung, and replanted abroad from the said bed into the hottest and most fertile place of the garden, when they have got three leaves apiece. — Native of the East Indies, China, Cochin-china, and Japan, where the natives use the prepared juice for dyeing their nails red. For the propagation and culture of this plant and its beautiful varieties, see the first species.

The Universal Herbal: Hypericum Cochin-chinense; Cochin-chinese St. John's Wort.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Peduncles axillary, five-flowered or thereabouts; leaves subpetioled, very close together; stem arboreous. This is a middle-sized tree, about sixteen feet high, with ascending branches, divided into many dusky red branchlets; petals scarlet, ovate, oblong, entire, spreading. The wood of this tree is red, heavy, hard, and tough, and is used for making oars and yards of vessels. The juice of the flowers dyes of a golden colour. — Native of the woods of Cochin-china.

The Universal Herbal: Haematoxylum Campechianum; Logwood, Bloodwood, Campeache Wood.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824The stem rises from sixteen to twenty-four feet high, is generally crooked, and seldom thicker than a man's thigh; branches subdivided, flexuose, prickly, round, ash coloured; leaves pinnate, petioles alternate, patulous, round, smooth; leaflets four pair on very short petiolules, generally obcordate, entire, small, veined, very smooth and shining, spreading in the day-time, but at night upright, converging; flowers peduncled, numerous, small, pale, yellow, on short, scattered, simple, coloured peduncles. The flowers appear in March and April, and the seeds ripen in July. This tree grows naturally in the bay of Campeache, at Honduras, and in other parts of the Spanish West Indies. It was first propagated in Jamaica, in the year 1715, from seeds brought from the bay of Campeache, and it now grows wild in the neighbourhood of Savannah la Mar, in such quantities as to be extremely incommodious to the landholders, occupying that district in the same manner as the Opoponax and Cashew have the southern parts of Middlesex county. It was first introduced to prevent the necessity of forming a settlement upon the Spanish Main; but the result did not ſully answer the benevolent intentions of those who first cultivated it. It makes an impenetrable and beautiful fence. The smaller stems are made into hoops. Both the bark and gum are gen tle, subastringents, but the last excels, and adds a sweetness to its virtue, which makes it more agreeable to the palate; the inner bark is red, and the wood hard. The wood, says Hill, is a very powerful medicine, to stop fluxes of the belly, and overflowings of the menses: the best way of giving it is in form of an extract, which is to be made by boiling down a strong decoction of it to the consistence of honey; in this form it will keep a long time, and is always ready for use. A strong decoction of this wood, says Meyrich, is found very efficacious for stopping obstinate purges, without contracting the fibres, as the common astringents do; it sheathes and blunts acrimonious humours, and has more of a balsamic than an astringent taste: it strengthens the stomach and bowels, and indeed the general habit, and is an agreeable medicine to take, being free from any thing disgustful to the taste, and almost void of smell: the decoction is made by boiling three ounces of powdered logwood in four pints of water, till it comes to a quart, and then adding about two drachms of cinnamon, which must be allowed to boil together with the logwood a few minutes longer; then, after letting it cool, the liquor must be strained off for use, and may be taken to the amount of three or four ounces, three or four times a day. This decoction is equally agreeable, mild, and safe, and has this advantage attending it, that it may be administered with equal safety, whether the disorder be attended with a fever or not: it commonly tinges the stools, and sometimes the urine, of a deep reddish purple colour; of which circumstance the patient ought to be apprised, that he may not alarm himself, by supposing the colour of the discharge owing to blood. Logwood is a well-known ingredient in dyeing: stuffs, however, would take only a slight and fading colour from logwood, if they were not previously prepared with alum and tartar; a little of the former is also added to the bath, and by these means a tolerably good violet colour is produced. A blue colour may be obtained from this wood, by mixing verdigris with the bath, and dipping the cloth till it has acquired the shade which is desired: the grand use of logwood, however, is for blacks, to which it gives a lustre and velvet cast, and for grays of certain shades: it is also of very extensive use for different compound colours, which it would be difficult to obtain of equal beauty and variety by means of drugs affording a dye of greater permanency. It is used for dyeing silk, violet; for this the silk must be scoured, alumed, and washed, because without the alum it would only take a reddish tinge that would not stand wetting. To dye silk thus, it must be turned in a cold decoction of logwood, till it has acquired the proper colour: if the decoction were used while hot, the colour would be in stripes very uneven. Bergman has observed, that a fine violet might be produced from logwood, by impregnating the silk with solution of tin; in fact we may thus obtain, particularly by mixing logwood and Brazilwood in various proportions, a great number of fine shades, more or less inclined to red, from the lilac to the violet hue. — The seeds of this tree are frequently brought from America, and when fresh will grow readily, if sown upon a good hot-bed; if the bed be kept in a moderate temperature they will grow to be upwards of a foot high in the first year: while the plants are young they are generally well furnished with leaves, in which they are often afterwards very deficient, making but little progress. They are very tender, and should be constantly kept in the bark stove, where, if duly watered, and the stove be kept in a due degree of heat, they may be easily preserved. In the West Indies, it thrives best in low swampy lands, or shallow waters, or a rich and tolerably firm soil.

The Universal Herbal: Hippophae Rhamnoides; Common Sea-Buckthorn, or Sallow Thorn.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves lanceolate. It rises with shrubby stalks eight or ten feet high, sending out many irregular branches, which have a brown bark silvered over. The branches spread wide, are straight, stiff, and thorny at the ends, the lesser ones numerous, scattered, short, and spreading; flowers solitary, appearing before the leaves, generally abortive, unless the shrub grows in its natural situation. The female flowers are sessile in the axils of the lower leaves: the male flowers are subsessile, somewhat spiked, disposed in four rows along the lesser branches. The flowers come out from the branchlets of the former year. The berries are very abundant, gratefully acid, and much eaten by the Tartars. They are the principal food of peasants upon Mount Caucasus. The fishermen of the Gulf of Bothnia prepare a rob from them, which imparts a grateful flavour to fresh fish. In sunny situations this shrub is planted for hedges, and is used for dyeing yellow. Cows refuse it; goats, sheep, and horses use it. It varies with red berries. Miller says, that he has observed it only with yellow berries in England, but that he had seen it on the sand-banks in Holland with red berries. The Germans call it Haftaorn; the Dutch, Duinbessen; the Swedes and Danes, Haftorn; the French, Argoussier; the Spaniards, Espino Amarillo; the Russians, Rakitnik. It flowers in April and May; Ray says in June, and Miller in July. — Native of many parts of Europe, on sandy sea-coasts. In England it is found near Sandwich, Deal, Folkstone, and the isle of Shepey in Kent, on Canvey Island in Essex; upon Cley and Sheringham cliffs, and between Yarmouth and Winterton in Norfolk; in Lincolnshire; and at Whitby and Lyth in Yorkshire.

The Universal Herbal: Genista Tinctoria; Common Dyer's Genista, or Broom. Genista Sibirica. Siberian Genista. Genista Florida; Spanish Dyer's Genista, or Broom.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves lanceolate, smooth; branches streaked, round, up-right; the roots creep far and wide; stems many, angular, tough, from a foot to eighteen inches or two feet in height, sometimes more, branches subdivided, ending in short spikes of yellow flowers, with stipules between them. When cows feed on it, their milk, and the butter or cheese made from it, are said to be very bitter. A bright yellow colour may be prepared from the flowers; and for wool that is to be dyed green with wood, the dyers prefer it to all others. A drachm and a half of the powdered seeds operates as a mild purgative. A decoction of the plant is sometimes diuretic, and therefore has proved serviceable in dropsical cases. A salt prepared from the ashes is also recommended in the same disorder. — Native of most parts of Europe, particularly in dry gravelly or sandy soils, flowering in July. In the old writers it is called base broom, green weed, or green wood, dyer's weed, and wood waxen.

Genista Sibirica. Siberian Genista.
Leaves lanceolate, smooth; branches equal, round, upright. This rises with woody stalks two or tree feet high. - Native of Siberia.

Genista Florida; Spanish Dyer's Genista, or Broom.
Leaves lanceolate, silky; branches streaked, round; flowers in bundles, directed one way; spikes of flowers terminating, succeeded by short F. which turn black when ripe, and contain four or five kidney-shaped seeds. It flowers in June and July. — Native of Spain.

The Universal Herbal: Garcinia Mangostana; Mangostan, or Mangosteen.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves ovate; peduncles one-flowered. The mangostan rises with an upright stem nearly twenty feet high, sending out many branches on every side, which are placed opposite, and stand oblique to each other, and not at right angles; the bark of the branches is smooth, of a gray colour, but on the tender shoots it is green, and that of the trunk is of a darker colour, and full of cracks; the leaves are entire, seven or eight inches long, and about half as much in breadth as in the middle, gradually diminishing to both ends, of a lucid green on their upper side, and of an olive colour on their under, having a prominent midrib through the middle, with several small veins running from that to both sides of the leaf; the flower is like that of a single rose, composed of four roundish petals, which are thick at their base, but are thinner towards their ends, they are of a dark red colour; the fruit is round, the size of a middling orange; the shell of the fruit is like that of the pomegranate, but softer, thicker, and fuller of juice; it is green at first, but changes to a dark brown, with some yellowish spots; the inside of the fruit is of a rose-colour, and divided into several parts by thin partitions, as in oranges, where the seeds are lodged, surrounded by a soft juicy pulp of a delicious flavour, partaking of the strawberry and the grape, which is esteemed one of the richest fruits in the world. As these trees naturally grow in the form of parabolas, and the branches are well garnished with large shining green leaves, they have an elegant appear ance, and afford a kindly shade in hot countries, where they are highly deserving of cultivation, and indeed in any coun try where there is warmth enough to ripen the fruit, which is esteemed the most delicious of all the East Indian fruits. A large quantity may be eaten without any inconvenience, as it is the only fruit which sick people are allowed to eat. It is given with safety in almost every disorder; and we are told, that Dr. Solander, in the last stage of a putrid fever, at Batavia, found himself insensibly recovering by sucking this delicious and refreshing fruit; the pulp has a most happy mixture of the tart and sweet, and is no less salutary than pleasant, for which reason, in hot climates, it is allowed with the sweet orange in any quantity, to those who are afflicted with fevers, either of the putrid or inflammatory kind: the dried bark is used with success in the dysentery and tenesmus; and an infusion is esteemed a good gargle for a sore mouth, or ulcers in the throat. The Chinese dyers use this bark for the ground or basis of a black colour, in order to fix it the firmer. — Native of the Molucca Islands, whence it has been transplanted to Java and Malacca. The head is so fine and regular, and the leaves so beautiful, that it is looked upon at Batavia as the tree most proper for adorning a garden, and affording an agreeable shade. As there are but few of the seeds which come to perfection, (for the greatest part of them are abortive,) so most of these which have been brought to Europe have failed; therefore the surest way to obtain the plants, is to sow the seeds in tubs of earth in the country, and when the plants have obtained strength, they may be brought to Europe, but there should be great care taken in their passage to screen them from salt water, and the spray of the sea, as also not to give them much water, especially in a cool or temperate climate, for they are very impatient of wet. When the plants arrive in Europe, they should be carefully transplanted, each into a separate pot filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, observing to shade them from the sun till they have taken new root; then they must be treated in the same manner as the other tender plants from hot coun tries. It may be increased in England by cuttings, in the same manner as is directed for Gardenia.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Aparine; Common Rough Ladies' Bedstraw, Cleavers, or Goose-grass.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves in eights, lanceolate; keels scabrous, with prickles pointing backwards; joints viliose; root annual; stem four feet high or more, weak, and supporting itself on other plants, brittle-jointed; the joints villose at the base; the angles are set with pellucid prickles, pointing downwards; it is very branched, and the branches are opposite; flowers few and small, on rough peduncles; calix none; corolla whitish, scarcely longer than the germen, divided to the base into four ovate acute segments. This plant is reckoned to purify the biood, and is therefore a common ingredient in spring broth. The expressed juice of the herb, taken to the amount of four ounces, or a quarter of a pint, night and morning, during several weeks, is very efficacious in removing many of those cutaneous eruptions, which are commonly, though improperly, called scorbutic. It has been much celebrated in scrofulous and cancerous sores; but it must be confessed, that the experiments made in our hospitals have not confirmed its celebrity. The juice of the stem and leaves, are acknowledged nevertheless to be of a cooling nature: it increases the urinary discharge, and is therefore esteeemed in the jaundice, dropsy, suppression of urine, gravel, and other disorders that arise from obstructions of the viscera. Linneus says, that this plant is very apt to infest crops of peas; and that the Swedes use the stalks as a filter, to strain their milk through. Dioscorides observes, that the same use was made of it in his time, and it certainly is not a bad substitute, to take hairs out of the milk, where a sieve is not at hand. The seeds have been used instead of coffee. The roots, like most others of this genus, will dye red, and are found to tinge the bones of the birds that eat them, of that colour. As it is an annual weed, it is easily destroyed, if it be cut or plucked up early, for it begins to seed in June. — It is common in hedges and cultivated grounds. The well-known property of adhering to whatever it comes in contact with, has given this plant the names of cleavers, clevers, clivers, and catchweed or scratch weed; from the same idea, it also derived the more elegant appellation of philanthrophon, among the Greeks and Romans; from its roughness, it has been called hariff, or rather hairough: and from being a favourite food or medicine of geese, goose-grass, goose-share, and gosling-weed.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Boreale; Cross-leaved Ladies' Bedstraw.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves in fours, lanceolate, three-nerved, smooth, upright; root perennial, long, slender, dark purple; stems a foot or eighteen inches in height, obscurely quadrangular, stout, much branching at the top, the lower part smooth, the upper slightly hairy; flowers copious, in a terminating panicle, formed of racemes or corymbs, growing gradually smaller; corolla white, with ovate segments; styles two; fruit covered with long, soft, whitish hairs, slightly incurved upwards. This is one of the species, the roots of which afford a beautiful red dye. The process is thus described by Haller. The roots are gathered in spring, they are ground with malt-dust, and infused in small beer, which then constitutes the dye in which the macerated woollen yarn is boiled, after having been previously dyed yellow in a decoction of birch leaves. — It flowers in July and August, and is a native of Lapland, Sweden, Siiesia, Switzerland, Carniola, and various parts of the British isłes. It is found in the mountains of Westmore land and Wales; near Pooley bridge, by Ullswater; and near the ferry at Winandermere in Cumberland; in some parts of the county of Durham; and on the rocks near the sides of many lakes and rivers in Scotland.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Purpureum; Purple Ladies' Bedstraw.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves linear, bristle-shaped; peduncles capillary, longer than the leaves; stem upright, very much branched, and so leafy that the leaves can hardly be numbered. They are usually in eights, smooth, and keeled underneath; branches ascending, and from their axils innumerable; peduncles above the leaves upright, sustaining few flowers; these and the stems are dark purple; the roots will dye red. Perennial. - It is found near Ripa and Chiavenna, by Lago Lugano, and in the counties of Nice and Montserrat.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Sylvaticum; Wood Ladies' Bedstraw.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves in eights, smooth and even, but scabrous underneath; a pair of floral leaves on capillary peduncles; stem smooth and even; stems lofty, weak, smooth, and even, very obseurely cornered or roundish; peduncles elongated, the outmost often two-flowered, and near these two leaflets; flowers very minute, nodding before they open. The root is perennial, yellowish on the outside, and affords a very fine red dye like the last. — It flowers from June to August, and is a native of woods in Germany, Switzerland, and the south of Europe.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Mollugo; Great Ladies' Bedstraw.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves in eights, ovate-linear, subserrate, spreading very much, mucronate; stem flaccid; branches spreading. The whole plant is smooth to the touch; root perennial, creeping; stem two, three, and four feet high, and even more, generally depressed, unless supported by the weight of the branches, quadrangular, thickest just above the joints; flowering branches very much extended, sustaining abundance of white flowers, the four segments of which are lanceolate and pointed; they rise from the whorls of leaves, generally two long and two short ones from each whorl, forming in the whole a panicle. There are several varieties. — It is common in hedges and bushy places, flowering from June to August. It is called wild madder, and great bastard madder. The roots yield a red dye like the true madder, and of a brighter colour: it is also remarkable, that the animals feeding on this plant, as well as those feeding on madder, have their bones dyed red. It has been observed on the Malvern hills.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Verum; Yellow Ladies' Bedstraw, or Cheese-rennet.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824 Leaves in eights, linear, grooved; flowering branches short; root perennial, creeping, slender, somewhat woody, of a yellow colour; stem from one to two feet high, upright, slightly four-cornered, somewhat flexuose, scabrous, pubescent, below slightly, above more obviously, pale green, branched towards the top; the joints cylindric, subovate, whitish, surrounded with a slight margin; branches brachiate, opposite, alternately much shorter; flowers in a pa nicle, numerous, small, with a peculiar odour. The panicle about a span in length, interruptedly branched; the branches many-flowered, unequal, leafy, with single leaflets on the pedicels; corolla yellow. It is observed by Dr. Withering, that the segments of the corolla are greatly expanded, that the style is cloven more than half way down, and that not only the corolla, but the stamina and pistil, are yellow. It is an almost universal opinion, that the flowers and herb of this plant will curdle milk. Both Dioscorides and Galen attribute to it this quality; and Matthiolus informs us, that the Tuscans use it for this purpose, in order that the cheese they make from the milk of goats and sheep, may eat the sweeter. Gerarde, who was himself a Cheshire man, says, that in his county, especially about Nantwich, they use it in their rennet, esteeming that to be the best cheese that is made with it; and in some of the Western Isles, they curdle milk with a strong decoction of this herb. Though, says Mr. Miller, no coagulation has followed the experiments which I have seen tried, yet I should not, perhaps, have ventured to dispute the fact, were I not supported by Bergius and Kroclier, who could not succeed in coagulating milk with this herb alone. It has been probably put into the milk designed for cheese-making, not so much for the purpose of curdling it, as of giving it a flavour; or, as Matthiolus expresses it, to make it eat the sweeter. The French prescribe the flowers in hysteric and epileptic cases. Both flowers and leaves are sensibly acid to the taste, and the flowering-tops, committed to the still as soon as gathered, afford, says Lewis, a pretty strong acid liquor, in a moderate heat. Hence it appears, that the restringent and refrigerating virtues ascribed to this plant, are not grounded on mere conjecture. An infusion of the plant in boiling water, is esteemed useful in the gout, rheumatism, and sciatica. The leaves and branches dried, and reduced to powder, are sometimes taken internally for spitting of blood, and other haemorrhages, with success; and have also been said to cure cancerous ulcers. The flowers, digested for six weeks in oil of olives, make it a more efficacious ointment for burns and scalds. Made into syrup, they are said to promote the menses; and a bath or fomentation of them cures the scabs in the heads of children. The flowering-stems, when boiled in alum-water, yield a dye of a good yellow colour. The roots, though small, afford a very fine red dye, not inferior to madder; indeed an ingenious gentleman, who was conversant in dyeing, assured Mr. Curtis, that the roots produced a brighter colour than madder; and, on that account, the experiment of their cultivation may be well worth trying, especially as the rest of the plant may be successfully used in dyeing yellow. They were cultivated a few years since, under the direction of the committee of privy council for trade. The roots were supposed on an average to weigh seven ounces: and the produce, when dried, to be twelve hundred and a half per acre. - This plant is common in most parts of Europe, in pastures, and by the sides of fields and roads, in a dry soil, flowering from June to August and September. It will flourish in the most unremitting drought, when not a blade of grass is to be seen. The best soil for it is a sandy loam; heavy soils will not answer. Prepare the land as for flax: sow four pounds of seed on an acre. In April, hoe out the plants to six inches square. The crop will require three or four hoeings more in the first season. In May or June, take up as inany plants as will leave the rest at the distance of one foot square; and in the fourth, take up the whole crop in March, keeping it always free from weeds. Besides the names set down in the title, Gerarde says, it is called maid's-hair and petty mugweed, which last is derived from the French, petit muguet. The common name, bedstraw, is from the verb to strew or straw, for be fore the invention of feather-beds, a variety of herbs were used to strew beds with, of which this was undoubtedly one.

The Universal Herbal: Galega Tinctoria.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Spikes lateral, peduncled; legumes stiff, pendulous; leaflets emarginate, villose underneath. This is a very handsome plant; stems naked, flexuose, smooth, angular; leaflets eleven, oblong, blunt, smooth above, silky underneath, hairy, streaked, the lower ones shorter; peduncles from each axil naked, spiked at the end, the length of the leaves, smooth; calices subvillose. It is from this plant that the inhabitants of Ceylon prepare their indigo, which yields a dye of a pale blue colour. — Native of Ceylon.

The Universal Herbal: Galium Tinctorium.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves on the stem in sixes, and linear, on the branches in fours; stem flaccid, one or two flowers on a peduncle. This species abounds in the woods of Canada; the roots are employed by the Indians in dyeing the quills of the American porcupines red. The French women in Canada sometimes dye their clothes with these little roots; the colour produced from which, is unchangeable by either air, water, or sun.

The Universal Herbal: Erica Vulgaris; Common Heath.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Corollas bell-shaped, almost equal; calices double; the inner longer than the corolla; leaves sagittate, imbricate in four rows. Common heath is a foot or two in height, or more; the stems brown and woody, very much branched; the branches in opposite pairs, mostly upright, round, downy, and reddish; the branchlets square; flowers solitary, on peduncles the length of the leaves, from the sides of the branches, slightly nodding, opposite, but generally pointing one way, giving the branches the appearance of long bunches, but leafy shoots will be always found at the end. The inner or proper calix consists also of four oval-oblong concave leaflets, slightly adhering at the base, alternating with the segments of the corolla, of the same colour, and nearly of the same texture with them, five times as long as the outer calix, open, but after flowering approaching with the points bent in. We may here observe a curious instance of the gradual transition from the green herbaceous leaves of the stem, to the more delicate texture of the corolla, which is of a pale purplish rose-colour, whitish towards the base, divided two-thirds of the way down into four, sometimes five, ovate, blunt, equal, open segments; filamenta awl-shaped, double, to and fro towards the point, white, or tinged with purple, springing from small glands at the base of the germen. It varies with white flowers, and with hoary leaves, and is common on Bagshot Heath, Enville Common in Staffordshire, Birmingham Heath, and, as Ray says, not only about Windsor, where Clusius observed it, but all over England. This plant, which is little regarded in warmer cli mates, is made to serve a great variety of purposes in the bleak and barren Highlands of Scotland, and other northern countries. The poorer inhabitants cover their cabins with it instead of thatch, or else twist it into ropes, with which they bind down the thatch in a kind of lattice-work. They also form walls with alternate layers of heath, and a sort of cement made of black earth and straw, and these hardy people have even been known to make their beds of it. In most of the Western Isles they dye their yarn of a yellow colour, by boiling it in water with the green tops and flowers of this plant; and woollen cloth boiled in alum-water, and afterwards in a strong decoction of the tops, comes out a fine orange colour; and in some of those islands they tan their leather with a strong decoction of it. Formerly the young tops are said to have been used alone to brew a kind of ale; and Boethius relates that this liquor was much used by the Picts; and inseveral of the isles it is said that they still brew ale with one part malt, and two parts of the young tops of heath, some times adding hops. In many parts of Great Britain, besoms are made of it, and the turf, with heath growing upon it, is cut up, and dried for the fuel of the cottager, heating ovens, covering under-ground drains, &c. Sheep and goats will sometimes eat the tender shoots, but are not fond of them. Cattle not accustomed to browse on heath give bloody milk, but are soon cured by drinking plentifully of water. The branches of heath afford shelter, and the seeds a principal part of the food of many birds, especially those of the grouse kind; and for this purpose the seed-vessel is formed and protected in such a manner, that the seeds are preserved a whole year, or even longer. Bees collect largely from the flowers, and honey made from them was anciently supposed to be of a bad quality, but in fact it is only of a darker colour. The foliage affords nourishment to the phalaenaquercus, or great egger moth. Dodder frequently entwines itself about this plant, and gives it a singular appearance. Meyrick says, that a water distilled from the flowers is a good application to in flamed eyes; and an oil made from them is reported to be of great efficacy in curing the shingles, and other cutaneous eruptions. Almost every part of Europe abounds with heath, especially the northern countries, it is also common in all the temperate parts of the vast Russian dominions: it is called ling in some parts of England; grig, in Shropshire; and ha. ther in Scotland; though it is remarkable that Shakspeare enumerates heath and ling as quite different plants; the for mer of these names is derived from the German heide, and the latter from the German lyng. The Swedes call it liung; the Italians, erica; the Spaniards, brego; the Portuguese, urze, erice, torga, or estorga; and the Russians, weresk. Common heath, which overruns immense tracts, especially in the elevated parts of northern countries, can only be effec tually extirpated by paring and burning. In some lands deep and cross ploughings, getting up roots with heavy harrows, burning the whole, and spreading the ashes, may be sufficient. Dr. Anderson affirms, that wherever heath abounds, there is generated, by the rooting of the plant, a peculiar black earth, that is not only sterile of itself, but has a power ful tendency to make any other soil unproductive, so that in improving heathy grounds, the top soil should be buried by trenching or deep ploughing. Notwithstanding the common ness of our British heaths, they deserve a place in small quar ters of humble flowering shrubs, where, by the beauty and long continuance of their flowers, together with the diversity of their leaves, they make an agreeable variety. The first, twenty-third, thirty-sixth, and eightieth species, may be taken up with a ball of earth growing to their roots, from the natu ral places of their growth, in autumn; the soil should not be dunged, and the less the ground is dug, the better they will thrive, for they commonly shoot their roots near the surface. They may also be propagated by seeds, but this is a tedious method.

The Universal Herbal: Empetrum Nigrum; Black-berried Heath, Crow or Crake-berry.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Procumbent. This is a small decumbent shrub. The outer bark is deciduous, and of a brown colour, the inner yellow; branches rough with the remains of the petioles. The terminating bud consists of five membranaceous leaflets, hairy at the edge; this puts forth five little branches, of which four are in a whorl. The leaves are in fours, they are somewhat three-cornered, with a white linear keel, and petioled; flowers axillary, sessile, solitary, surrounded by a bracte resembling an outward three-parted calix; calix whitish; petals purple; filamenta very long, and purple, with brownish black antherae. The female is like the male, but the stem is redder; the leaves deep green, in fives; pistil black; berries brownish black when ripe. — Native of the northern parts of Europe, generally in elevated situations, both on dry, barren, and moorish or boggy soils. It is found in the moors, from the Baltic to the Eastern Ocean, in Kamtschatka, and the American isles. The mountains of Lapland, and the mines of Fahlun in Sweden, also produce it; and in the latter, it has been known to survive, when every other plant had perished with cold. In Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and the northern counties of England, it is common; and the Scottish Highlanders, with their children, eat the berries, but they are no desirable fruit, and, if taken in large quantities, are said to bring on a slight head-ache. The Russian peasants, however, eat them, and the Kamtschadales gather great quantities of them to boil with their fish, or to make a sort of pudding with the bulbs of their lilies. They are esteemed antiscorbutic, and diuretic. Grouse and heath-cocks feed upon them, and they give their excrement a tinge of purple. When boiled in alum-water, they afford a dark purple dye, and are said to be used in dyeing otter and sable skins black, when boiled with fat. Cattle do not seem to browse on this shrub. Linneus says, it flowers in April with the elm; in England, it flowers in April and May.

The Universal Herbal: Eclipta Erecta; Upright Eclipta. Eclipta Punctata; Dotted-stalked Eclipta.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Eclipta Erecta; Upright Eclipta.
Stem erect; leaves deflected at the base, and sessile; peduncles alternate, usually in pairs, longer than the leaves, one-flowered; flowers white; calix of five or six leaves; scales broad, lanceolate, two larger, somewhat hispid; flowers discoid; of the disk numerous, four-cleft, minute; of the ray very many, minute; seeds angular, thickish, naked, without any down; receptacle naked, not chaffy. — Native of the West Indies, and of the East Indies, Cochin-china, &c. Loureiro says, that in Cochin-china the leaves are not nerved, nor properly serrate, nor sessile; and that the flowers are not in pairs: he adds, that the juice is used for dyeing hair both of men and quadrupeds, whence the natives call it ink-plant. It flowers from July to September, and is an annual plant, although Linneus has marked it as biennial.

Eclipta Punctata; Dotted-stalked Eclipta.
Stem erect, dotted; leaves flat; peduncles one-flowered, subterminating; flowers whitish, having no smell; the whole plant produces a green watery sap, which becomes black when exposed to the air, may be used as ink, and if it could be fixed would make a very fine dye; the n*s are said to increase the blackness of their skin by rubbing it with this juice. This species resembles the first species, but the stem has white dots scattered over it. It is annual, and a native of St. Domingo and Martinico.

The Universal Herbal: Dorstenia Drakena.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Scapes rooted; leaves pinnatifid. palinate, quite entire; receptacle oval. This plant sends out leaves of different forms, some of the lower ones are heart-shaped, having a few indentures on their edges, and ending in acute points, but the larger leaves are deeply cut, like the fingers on a hand, into six or seven acute segments. These leaves are five inches long, and six broad in the middle, they are of a deep green, and stand upon long footstalks; the placenta is very thick and fleshy, an inch and a half long, and three quarters broad, having four acute corners; these have a number of small flowers placed on the upper surface, like the other species. — Native of Vera Cruz, and Tobago; whence, Mr. Miller informs us, all the three species are brought over, indifferently to be used in medicine and in dyeing; and that it was not known what the plant was, the roots of which were imported, and had been long used in medicine, until Dr. Houston informed us.

The Universal Herbal: Daphne Mezereum; Mezereon.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Flowers sessile, in threes on the stem; leaves lanceolate, deciduous. It is a shrub growing in gardens to the height of five or six feet, with a strong woody stalk, putting out many woody branches on every side, so as to form a regular head; the flowers come out before the leaves very early in the spring, in clusters surrounding the shoots of the former year; the leaves are smooth, about two inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad in the middle, placed without order. In its wild state it is only from one to two feet in height, and the branches then are not numerous, they are very flexible; the leaves are entire, and of a pale green; the fruit is a superior berried drupe, first green, then red, of an ovate globular form, with a thin succulent pulp, and a crustaceous, thin, brittle, black, shining shell; it is, however, commonly called a berry. There are two principal varieties of the mezereon, one with a white flower, succeeded by yellow berries, the other with peach coloured flowers and red fruit; the latter has sometimes flowers of a much deeper red. There is also a variety with variegated leaves, the flowers of which appear in February and March, and even in January, when the earth is mild; the berries will be ripe in June, if they be not previously devoured by birds. Villars mentions another variety, with the leaves a little villose, or having small hairs at their base, and the flowers four together: he remarks, that the parts of fructification are so perfectly formed the year before the flowers un fold themselves, that the character may be easily determined by the naked eye. — Mezereon is a native of Lapland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, France, Carniola, Savoy, and Piedmont, Great Britain. Mr. Miller is the first who declared it to be a native of our island, near Andover in Hamp shire; since that it has been found at Laxfield, in Suffolk; in Selborne-hanger, Hants; and frequently observed in the beech woods of Buckinghamshire. As it has escaped all our her barists, and even the indefatigable Ray, and his immediate successors, and birds are remarkably fond of the berries, there is reason to suspect that they may have disseminated this beautiful shrub; unless we can suppose that it remained unnoticed, on account of its flowering before the time at which the herbarists sally out upon their vernal excursions Gerarde informs us, that he had plenty thereof for his garden from Elbing in Poland: he calls it German olive spurge, or spurge olive, spurge-flax, and dwarf bay, and says that the Dutch call it mezereon. Parkinson calls it dwarf-bay, or flowering spurge; the Germans have named it kellerhals, kellerbere, kellerkraut, &c. the Dutch, peperboompje: the Danes, kielderhals; the Swedes, kiællerhals; the French, laureole gentille or femelle, bois gentil, bois joli; the Italians, laureola femina, dafnoide, camelea, calmolea, biondella; the Spaniards, laureola hembra; the Portuguese, loireola femea, or mezereo major; and the Russians, woltsehje-luke. The branches afford a good yellow dye. — The whole of this vegetable is extremely acrid, especially when fresh, and, if retained in the mouth, excites great heat and inflammation, particularly of the throat and fauces: the berries, when swallowed, prove a powerful poison, not only to man, but to many quadrupeds: both the bark and the berries of mezereon, in different forms, have been long used externally in cases of obstinate ulcers, and ill-conditioned sores. In France, the bark is used as an application to the skin, which, under certain circumstances, produces a serous discharge without blistering, and is thus rendered very useful in chronic cases of a local nature, answering the purpose of what is called a perpetual blister, while it occasions less pain and inconvenience. In England, the mezereon has been principally employed in syphilitic cases; and in this way, Dr. Donald Monro was the first who testified its efficacy in the successful use of the Lisbon diet drink. Several cases were afterwards published by Dr. Russel, then physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, fully establishing the utility of the bark of mezereon in venereal nodes. In the above cases, the decoction of the root was made use of, but it has been found necessary in some cases to join with it a solution of sublimate. Dr. Cullen informs us, that Dr. Home has not only found the decoction of mezereon to cure schirrhous tumors, which remain after the lues venerea, and after the use of mercury, but that it has also healed them when proceeding from other causes. The considerable and long continued heat and irritation that is produced in the throat when mezereon is chewed, induced Dr. Withering to give it in a case of difficulty of swallowing, apparently the effect of a paralytic disorder: the patient was directed to chew a thin slice of the root as often as she could bear to do it, and in about two months she recovered her power of swallowing: this woman bore the pain and irritation, and the ulcerations it occasioned in her mouth, with amazing fortitude, but she was almost reduced to a skeleton, and had for three years before suffered very much from hunger, without being able to satisfy her appetite, for she could not swallow solids at all, and liquids only with the greatest difficulty; she was attacked with this complaint after lying-in. A woman gave only twelve of the berries to her daughter, who laboured under a quartan ague, and she, after vomiting a good deal of blood, expired immediately. An ointment prepared from the bark or the berries has been found serviceable to sore ulcers. A decoction made of a drachm of the bark of the root, in three pints of water till one pint is wasted, and this quantity taken daily for a considerable time together, has been found very efficacious in resolving and dispersing venereal swellings and excrescences. The bark of the root, says Hill, or the inner bark of the branches, is to be used, but it requires caution in the administration, and must only be given to persons of robust constitutions, and even to them very sparingly, for if it be given in too large a dose, vi at all to a weakly person, it will cause vomiting and bloody stools; but to the robust it acts only as a brisk purge, and is excellent in dropsies, and other stubborn disorders: a light infusion is the safest and most efficacious mode of giving it. It is propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a border exposed to the east, soon after the berries become ripe; for if they be not sown till the spring following, they often miscarry, and always remain a year in the ground before the plants appear: whereas those which are sown in August will grow the following spring, so that a year is saved; and these never fail. When the plants come up, they will require no other care, but to keep them clean from weeds; and if the plants be not too close together, they may continue in the seed-bed to have the growth of two summers, especially if they do not make great progress the first year; then at Michaelmas, when the leaves are shedding, they should be carefully taken up, so as not to break or bruise their roots, and planted into a nursery, about sixteen inches row from row, and eight or nine inches asunder in the rows. In this nursery they may remain two years, by which time they will be fit to remove to the places where they are designed to remain for good. The best season to transplant these trees is in autumn, for as these plants begin to vegetate very early in the spring, it is hazardous to transplant them in that season. They grow best in a light, dry, sandy earth, but become mossy, and make little progress, in cold wet lands, so that upon such soils they are small, and produce but few flowers. Notwithstanding the berries of this tree are so very acrid as to burn the mouth and throat of those who may incautiously taste them, yet the birds greedily devour then as soon as they begin to ripen; so that unless the shrubs be covered with nets to preserve the berries, they will all be destroyed before they are fit to gather. The mezereon is a very ornamental shrub in gardens, flowering before others, very early in the spring; and when there are plenty of them growing together, perfuming the air to a considerable distance.

The Universal Herbal: Curcuma Longa; Long-rooted Turmeric.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves lanceo-late; lateral nerves very numerous; root perennial, creeping, fleshy, palmate, with celumnar branches, and parallel rooting rings, the skin thin and pale, the flesh saffron-coloured, with a bitterish taste, and a smell of salve; stem none; leaves broad lanceolate, large, quite entire, smooth, aunual, pale green, grooved with oblique, slender, frequent lines; flowers sessile, white, with a yellow nectary, solitary, and enclosed within the scales of the spike; corolla one-petalled, funnel shaped; tube slender, equal to the calix, widching above; seeds round, few; it has no barren filamenta. - Native of the East Indies, China, and Cochin-china. It very seldom produces seed, but was nuch used formerly in cookery, to give things a colour, for which purpose it is still used in the East, as well as for dyeing. The root of this plant had the reputation of being a powerful aperient and resolvent, being commonly prescribed in obstructions of the liver, and other chronic complaints: the disease in which it has been thought to be most efficacious, is the jaundice; it is now, however, very rarely employed in Europe: the general dose, in substance, is from a scruple to a drachm; it ſinges the urine of a deep yellow colour. It is yet in high repute in the East, where the first species being stronger, is seldom internally applied, but is used externally as a cataplasm, with the root of crinum zeylanicum, and the leaves of artemisia, and are esteemed a sovereign remedy in swellings of the abdomen, arising from a suppression of the menses. The English druggists, says Hill, keep the dried roots, which are good in the jaundice, and all obstructions, operating as a diuretic, and promoting the menses. Meyrick declares the root of turmeric to be one of the most effectual remedies known in obstructions of the viscera and mesentery, as also of the menses, strangury, and affections of the kidneys; many also, he re marks, esteem it as a specific in the jaundice; the dose in substance is from a scruple to a drachm, and three or four times as much in decoction or infusion.

The Universal Herbal: Croton Sebiferum; Poplar-leaved Croton.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves rhomb-ovate, acuminate, flat, smooth; glands subpetiolar; leaflets broader than they are long, and involute. The leaves dye a very fine black. They wither in October, turn to a dirty crimson colour, and fall off before the capsules. The young leaves shoot out again in March. Each capsule contains three hard black shells, the size of pepper-corns or common peas, covered entirely with a delicately snow-white substance, which does not produce the tallow, as it is commonly supposed, it is made from the oil expressed from the kernel; and the white substance above mentioned must be well cleaned from the shells before they are broken, for that will absorb a considerable quantity of oil. For this purpose, the shells should remain ten or fifteen days in water to soak, and then they may be cleared of the white substance by rubbing, although it will not easily separate from the shell. The oil drops from the press like thick glutinous lamp-oil, and soon hardens by cold to the consistence of common tallow, and by boiling becomes as hard as bees' wax. - Native of China.

The Universal Herbal: Croton Tinctorium; Officinal Croton.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves rhombed, repand; capsules pendulous; stem herbaceous, branching, about nine inches high; root annual; flowers in short spikes, from the sides of the stalks at the ends of the branches. Nissole dyed both silk and wool of an elegant blue colour: but the French attempt to extract a material from it for dyeing, similar to indigo, did not succeed. The women about Albudebar dye their stockings with it. This is also the plant from which the tournsol, used for colouring wines and jellies, is made. It is made from the juice that is lodged between the calix and the seeds: this, if rubbed on cloths, at first appears of a lively green, but soon changes to a bluish purple. If these cloths be put into water, and afterwards wrung, they will dye the water of a claret colour. The rags thus dyed are brought to England, and sold in the druggist shops under the name of tournsol. — Native of the south of France, Spain, Italy, and the kingdom of Tunis. The seeds of this plant should be sown in the autumn, soon after they are ripe, in a small pot filled with light earth, and plunged into an old tan-bed in a frame, where they may be screened from the cold in the winter; and in the spring following, the pot should be removed from a fresh hot-bed, which will bring up the plants in a month's time; and when grown large enough to remove, they should be each planted into a small pot, and plunged into a fresh hot-bed, being careful to shade the glasses daily, until the plants have taken new root: they should then have air daily admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of the season, but must be sparingly watered. Mr. Miller declares, that the above is the only treatment under which he has known these plants to succeed, and that they have by this management, not only flowered, but produced good seeds.

The Universal Herbal: Crataegus Oxyacantha; Common Hawthorn, or White Thorn.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves obtuse, trifid, serrate; styles two, sometimes three or four; seeds usually two, but sometimes one, three, or four. The common hawthorn flowers and dried fruit are said, by Hill, to be used in medicine as diuretics, and serviceable in all gravelly complaints, but are not much esteemed. The varieties of this species usually flower in May, and particularly the Glastonbury variety, which usually flowers in January or February, so that it may happen to be in flower on Christmas-day. The great-fruited variety has an exceedingly large, oblong, smooth, and bright scarlet-coloured fruit; the buds of the yellow variety are of a fine yellow colour, and are succeeded by a golden-coloured fruit, which it continues to bear throughout the winter, and was originally imported from Virginia. The white variety is but a paltry tree; the double-flowered, however, is one of the greatest ornaments of which our shrubberies can boast, and may be kept down to any size; its beautiful flowers come out in large bunches in May, they are of a pure white, and often appear entirely to cover the shrub; they change at length to a faint red, and are frequently succeeded by a small imperfect fruit. Few trees can surpass the hawthorn in beauty, during the season when it is in bloom; it is therefore well adapted for ornamental plantations, and particularly proper for standing single in lawns or parks, where it will grow to the height of twenty or even thirty feet, and sometimes measure from five to nine feet in the circumference of its trunk. The wood is tough, and may be employed for axle-trees, and the handles of tools. The root of an old thorn, says Evelyn, is excellent both for boxes and combs; when planted singly, it rises with a stem big enough for the use of the turner, and the wood is scarcely inferior to box. A decoction of the bark affords a yellow dye, which, with the addition of copperas, is used for dyeing black. The berries are the winter food of the thrush, and of many other birds; and hogs and deer are also very partial to them. The peasants of many countries are known to eat them, and the Kamtschadales even make wine from them. In addition to the name of white thorn, the English call it May-bush and wick, when used for hedges, for which purpose it surpasses all other live fences; (see Hedge and Quick;) the Germans call it hagedorn; the Danes, hagetorn; and the Swedes hag torn, whence the English also derive the name hawthorn, and apply the contraction haws to the fruit; in France it is known by the appellation of aubepine, or epine blanche; in Italy, by the term bianco spino; and in Spain, espino blanco: all of which signify white thorn. In order to raise the white. thorn, the most usual practice is, to sow the berries either in October or November, or else very early in the spring, either broadcast or in drills, in beds of about four feet wide, with valleys of eighteen inches in width between them, and covering the berries an inch deep with fresh light mould. Thus, though most of them should not come up until the second spring, yet they will have the continual benefit of the sun, air, and rain, all of which it may be presumed will make them come up better and shoot stronger, than when they lie bu ried in a heap during more than a year. The following plan of Mr. Portcher's is subjoined, as containing some useful directions on this subject. The haws should remain on the bushes till the end of October, when they become blackish: if you do not sow them immediately as soon as they are gathered, spread them on an airy floor for five or six weeks, till the seeds are dry and firm, then plunge them into water, and rub off all the pulp between your hands with the assistance of a little sand; spread them again on the loft for three or four days till quite dry, mix them with a fine loose sandy mould, in quantity not less than the bulk of the seeds, and lay them in a heap against a south wall, covering them over three or four inches deep with soil, of the same quality as that with which they are mixed. If you do not sow them in the first, let them remain in this situation till the second spring, as the seeds, when sown, will not appear in the first year. That the berries may be as equally mixed with the soil as possible, turn over the heaps once in two months, blending the covering with the seeds, and at every turning give them a fresh covering in the winter months. They must be sown in the first dry weather in February or the beginning of March: let them be separated from the loose soil in which they were mixed with a wire sieve; choose good fresh dry well-prepared land; divide it into beds of three feet and a half broad, with alleys of eighteen inches; push over a little of the surface of the beds into the alleys; sow them with great care, so that they may not rise in clusters, and that the plants may in general be at least an inch asunder; clap them into the earth with the back of a spade, draw the soil back from the alleys, and cover the seeds only half an inch deep. In the succeeding spring draw out all the largest plants, wherever they rise too close together; shorten their roots, and lay them in lines a foot asunder, and four inches distant in the rows, having cut off so much of their tops as to leave them about two inches above ground; and there let them remain for two years. Those who are not straitened for ground may drop the seeds in drills that are eight inches asunder, and double that distance between each pair of drills; they also may be drawn off, wherever too thickly set, in the following spring, and the rest cut with a spade five or six inches below ground, to remain another year. Thorns also may be propagated to much advantage, and two years' time be saved, by cutting from their roots: for this purpose, at removing a nursery of these plants, cut off all unnecessary roots that are straight and clean, and only of one or two years' growth, let them not exceed four or five inches, and either early in October or February lay them in drills cut out by the spade, with their tops a quarter of an inch below the surface; let these drills be a foot asunder, and lay the roots three or four inches separate: in the next spring cut them within three or four inches of the surface, for they will be in general about eighteen inches high, and well rooted, at two years old. In whatever way thorns are propagated, in October they should be planted out in rows, at least eight inches asun der, and six inches in the row, their roots having been shortened, and their tops cut off, so as to stand four or five inches above ground: in this nursery they should remain no more than two years, the ground being dug in spring and autumn, and the plants cut in the first season, an inch or two above the former cutting: when again removed, they should be placed in rows four feet asunder, and two feet distant in the row; they should also be cut to the height of a foot or fourteen inches: and about the end of June clipped straight in the sides, and then in the tops. Having stood a year longer, they should he again cut to the height of thirty inches, and clipped as before. At Midsummer in the third season they may be cut at about three feet and a half high, and may be planted in the succeeding autumn for handsome hedges at four feet high; if plants of a larger size be desired, they must be removed once more,and will be six feet high in thiee years. Quick, thus removed, and planted out at large, will make an almost immediate fence, and be a great saving, wherever fencing is expensive.

The Universal Herbal: Coriaria Myrtifolia; Myrtle-leaved Sumach.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves ovate-oblong. It seldom exceeds three or four feet high, creeping at the root, and sending forth many stems. The plant with male flowers only was common in England, until that which bears hermaphrodite flowers was raised in the Chelsea garden, from seeds sent from Italy. This plant possesses considerable astringency, and is used not only in tanning leather, but in dyeing black. It sends up so many stems as to form a thicket; it is useful to fill up vacancies in plantations of shrubs, but is only proper for large gardens. It may be propagated in abundance from the suckers, which are plentifully produced from the creeping roots. They should be taken off in March, and planted into a nursery to form good roots, where they may continue one or two years, and must then be removed to the places where they are to remain. This plant delights in a loamy soil, which is not too stiff, and should be sheltered from the north and east winds, where it will endure the cold of our ordinary winters, and flower better than if preserved in pots under cover during the winter.

The Universal Herbal: Coreopsis Verticillata, Whorl-leaved Coreopsis, or Tickseed Sun-flower.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves decompound, linear; root perennial; stems many, stiff, angular, upwards of three feet high; ray yellow; disk dark purple. Being a showy plant, growing very tall, and continuing long in flower, it is a great ornament to the shrubbery; the yellow florets, which appear from July till September, are used in North America to dye cloth red. — Native of North America. This species, and also the second, fifth, ninth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, are hardy plants, and may be plentifully propagated by parting the roots, the best time for which is in autumn, when the stalks begin to decay. This requires a light loamy earth and sunny exposure.

The Universal Herbal: Cordia Sebestena; Rough-leaved Cordia.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Stems several, shrubby, eight or nine feet high, having towards the top rough alternate leaves, on short petioles, of a deep green on their upper side; flowers terminating in large clusters, upon branching peduncles, sustaining one, two, and three flowers; corolla large, with a long tube, spreading open at top, and there divided into five obtuse segments; it is of a beautiful scarlet, and makes a very fine appearance. A small piece of the wood, laid upon a pan of lighted coals, will perfume a whole house with a most agreeable smell. Browne says, it is adorned with large bunches of fine scarlet flowers, which come out at the tops of the branches fifteen or twenty together, with fringed edges, and the surfaces sinuous and curled: they are at first of a high vermilion colour, which changes to a scarlet, and afterwards becomes purple, but they have no scent; the fruit is in the form of an inverted pear. From the juice of the leaves, with that of a species of fig, is prepared the fine red colour with which the natives of Otaheite dye their clothes; but we are informed that there are several other plants, which will produce the same colour in conjunction with the fig. — It is a native of both Indies, and of the Society Isles, and being, rather hardier than the other species, may be placed abroad in a warm situation in the beginning of July, where the plants may remain until the middle of September, provided the season continue warm, but if not, they must be sooner removed into the stove.

The Universal Herbal: Conocarpus Racemosa.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves lanceolate-ovate, bluntish; fruits segregate. This is a lofty and branching tree, sometimes dividing into three or four trunks close to the ground; the younger branches are shining, red, and opposite; leaves quite entire, shining, thickish, greasy to the touch, deep green, opposite, three inches long, on a red petiole, with two glands at the top of it; the flowers are small and sessile, and have a slight and not unpleasant smell; the petals are whitish.-Native of the Caribbee islands, and the neighbouring continent, on sandy and muddy shores. The Spaniards call it mangle bobo, or foolish mangle; the English, white mangrove: the Caribbees employ the bark for tanning leather, and this is the only use to which it seems possible to apply these trees.

The Universal Herbal: Comarum Palustre; Marsh Cinquefoil.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824This plant has creeping woody roots, which send out many black fibres, penetrating deep into boggy ground; stems many, herbaceous, about two feet high, generally inclining to the ground: at each joint is one leaf, composed of five, six, or seven leaflets. The petals are not more than a third part of the size of the calix.-Native of most parts of Europe, on boggy ground. A few plants grow upon a bog at Hampstead; but the nearest place to London where it grows wild in plenty, is in the meadows near Guilford in Surry. It is found at Selburne in Hampshire, near Bromsgrove Lickey in Worcester shire, Gambingay in Cambridgeshire, in Norfolk, near Col chester in Essex, Giggleswick Tarn near Settle, and also in Scotland, and Ireland. It flowers in June. The roots dye wool of a dirty red colour; and have astringency enough, with other plants of the same order, to tan leather. The Irish rub their milk-pails with it, to make the milk appear thicker and richer. Goats eat it. Cows and sheep are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. There is a variety with thicker and more villose leaves, which grows plentifully in the north of England, and in Ireland; but after one year's growth in a garden, it cannot be distinguished from the common sort. As this plant is a native of bogs, it cannot well be preserved in a garden, except it be planted in a soil resembling that in which it naturally grows. The roots may be removed from the place of their growth in October, and will be in no danger of failing, if they be planted in boggy ground.

The Universal Herbal: Coccoloba Uvifera; Round-leaved Sea-side Grape, or Mangrove Grape Tree.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves cordate, roundish, shining. This is a lofty, spreading, branched, irregular, inelegantly formed tree, but rendered handsome by its leaves and fruits; bark cinereous, thin, in the younger trees smooth, in the older ones full of chinks; timber hard, ponderous, red, but fit for little except as fire-wood, on account of its fibrous texture, unless, it should turn out to be serviceable in dyeing; flowers small, whitish, smelling like those of the cherry, Gaertner calls the fruit a superior drupe, formed of the berried calix, obovate, of a purple colour, with a bloom, becoming black when ripe, and wrinkled; pulp soft, drying into a thin crust; the fruit is very astringent, and may be used in emulsions, boluses, or electuaries, but its action is not of long continuance; it has the exact taste of bistort, and the berries possess an agreeable flavour, but the pulp is not considerable. This tree is common in most of the sugar colonies, and is generally found near the sea. It frequently grows to a considerable size, and is then looked upon as a beautiful wood for all sorts of cabinet ware, but it seldom rises so straight or regular. The Spaniards call it urero, and the French raisinier du bord de la mer.

The Universal Herbal: Chenopodium Vulvaria; Stinking Goosefoot.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves quite entire, rhomboid, ovate; flowers conglomerate, axillary; the whole plant is sprinkled with a white pellucid meal; stems numerous, spreading, round, somewhat striated, and thinly beset with leaves, which are alternate, petioled. — This species is easily known by its decumbency, and its permanently disagreeable odour, both green and dried, resembling that of stale salt fish. It is common on dry banks, and at the foot of walls and pailings. It is reckoned a useful antihysteric: some recommend a conserve of the leaves, others an infusion in water, and others a spirituous tincture of them: on some occasions it may perhaps be preferable to the fetids, which have been more commonly made use of, as not being accompanied by any pungency, or irritation, and seeming to act merely by virtue of its odorous principle. It is omitted in the last edition of the London Pharmacopoeia, and, as Alione affirms, is not undeservedly neglected. This herb dyes a good strong greenish lemon-colour.

The Universal Herbal: Chaerophyllum Sylvestre; Wild Cicely, or Cow-weed: Common Cow Parsley, or Chervil.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Stem two feet high and upward, hollow, grooved, generally villose, and purplish, much branched; branches suberect, less hoary than the stem; petals flat, obovate, whitish, at first yellowish-white; seeds columnar, glossy, grooved, blackish, without scent, and almost tasteless: it is very common in pastures, orchards, and under hedges, flowering in May, and in warm situations in April. - Linneus remarks, that this plant indicates a luxuriant soil; and informs us, that the flowers communicate a green and yellow dye to wool: he also says, that horses, sheep, and goats, are not fond of it. Mons. Villars declares, that horses will not eat it, even in the stable; and, according to Mr. Miller, there are few animals who care to eat it, except the ass. Mr. Ray, on the contrary, asserts, that it has the name of cow-weed, because it is grateful food, before it runs up to stalk, to cows, in the spring; and, in confirmation of this account, Mr. Wainwright says, that the cows like it so well, that when a pasture is overrun with it, which is often the case about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up. Rabbits are well known to be very fond of it; and Mr. Curtis relates, that in time of scarcity the young leaves have been used as a pot-herb. John Barhin, however, mentions instances of two families having been poisoned by eating a small quantity of the root. Haller says, that the Dutch use it in gangrenes. Meyrick and Hill both agree in stating, that the leaves operate by urine, and are good in obstructions of that viscera; they should be given in decoction, and in small doses of a wine glass each.