The Universal Herbal: Ceres Canadensis; Canada Judas Tree, Red-bud Tree.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves cordate, pubescent, (ovate, acute.) It grows naturally in most parts of North America; where it is called red-bud, probably from the red buds appearing in the spring, before the leaves come out: it grows to a middle stature in that country, but in England it rarely rises with a stem more that: twelve feet high, branching out near the root; the flowers are not so beautiful as those of the first species, but the trees are equally hardy, and will thrive in the open air: the flowers of this, as well as those of the first species, are frequently put into salads by the Americans, and the French in Canada pickle them, but they have little flavour. — The young branches of this tree will dye wool of a very fine Nankin colour.

The Universal Herbal: Centaurea Rhapontica; Swiss Centaury.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Calices scariose; leaves ovate-oblong, toothletted, entire, petioled, tomentose beneath. - This is a handsome plant; flowers solitary, large; floscules purple, very numerous, without any neuters: it flowers in July, and is found in Switzerland, and about Verona. The root of this plant, and of several of the species allied to it, are bitter and astringent, and were for merly much given in cases wherein Jesuit's bark is now administered; the plant also will dye yellow. Neither this nor the thirty-seventh species, perfect their seeds in England, they must therefore be procured from their native countries: they are perennial, and hardy; and when once obtained, may be increased by the root.

The Universal Herbal: Carthamus Tinctorius; Officinal Bastard Saffron, or Safflower.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves ovate, entire, serrate, aculeate. — This is an annual plant, which rises with a stiff ligneous stalk, two feet and a half or three feet high, dividing upwards into many branches, with ovate pointed sessile leaves; the lower part of the calix spreads open, but the scales above closely embrace the florets, which stand out nearly an inch above the calix; these are of a fine saffron-colour: when the florets decay, the germina become oblong angular seeds, of a white colour, and having a pretty strong shell or cover to them: it flowers in July and August, and the seeds ripen in autumn; but if the season prove cold and moist when the plant is in flower, it will produce no good seed, so that there are few seasons wherein the seeds of this plant come to perfection in England: it grows naturally in Egypt, and in some of the warm parts of Asia. Mr. Miller informs us, that he has frequently received the seeds from the British islands in America, but whether they naturally grew there or not, he was never positively informed. This plant was formerly cultivated in the fields in several parts of England for the dyer's use, and particularly in Gloucestershire, where the common people frequently gathered the florets and dried them, to give a colour to their puddings and cheesecakes; but by employing too great a quantity, they acquired a cathartic quality. If this plant were ever cultivated among us in large quantities, it is surprising how it came to be so totally neglected, that at present there are not the least traces of its cultivation to be met with in any part of England, insomuch that the commodity is scarcely known, except to those who deal in it. The quantity annually consumed in England is so great, as to make it a considerable article of trade, so that it might be well worthy of public attention; for although the seeds seldom come to perfection in England, yet these might be procured from abroad, and the plants would constantly produce the flower, which is the only part used in dyeing. This plant is cultivated in great plenty in some parts of Ger many, where the seeds constantly come to perfection; and a short account of their method of cultivation, by a curious gentleman of that country, is here inserted, for the benefit of those who may be induced to engage in cultivating it. The ground in which they sow has always a double fallow given to it, first to destroy the weeds, and afterwards to make it fine; they make choice of their lightest land, and such as is clear from couchgrass and other troublesome weeds, after the land has been fallowed a summer and winter, in which time they give it four ploughings, and harrow it between each to break the clods and pulverize it: in the latter end of March, they give it the last ploughing, when they lay it in narrow furrows of about five feet or a little more, leaving a space of two feet between each; then they harrow these lands to make them level, and after it is finished they sow the seeds in the following manner: With a small plough, they draw four shallow furrows in each land, at near a foot and half distance, into which they scatter the seed thinly, then with a harrow, the teeth of which are little more than one inch long, they draw the earth into the drills to cover the seeds; after this they draw a roller over the ground, to smooth and settle it: when the plants are come up so as to be distinguished, they hoe the ground, to destroy the weeds; and at this operation, where the plants happen to be close, they cut up the least promising, leaving them all single, at the distance of three or four inches, which they always suppose will be sufficient room for their growth, till the second time of hoeing, which must be performed in about five weeks after the first, in which they are guided by the growth of the weeds; for as this work is performed with a Dutch hoe, so they never suffer the weeds to grow to any size before they cut them; in which they judge right, for when the weeds are small, one man will hoe as much ground in a day, as can be performed by three when they are permitted to grow large, and the weeds will also be more effectually destroyed: they give a third hoeing to the plants about five or six weeks after the second, which generally makes the ground so clean, as to require no farther clearing until the carthamus is pulled up. When the plants begin to flower, and have thrust out their florets or thrum to a proper length, they go over the ground once a week, to gather it; and as it is from time to time ga thered, it is dried in a kiln for use; there is usually a succession of flowers for six or seven weeks. After the crop is ga thered, the stalks are pulled and tied in bundles for fuel; and after they have been set up a few days to dry, they are carried off, and the ground is ploughed for wheat, which they say always succeeds well after this plant. The following is the method pursued in cultivating the carthamus in British gardens: The seeds are sown in April, upon a bed of light earth, in drills drawn at two feet and a half distance from each other; the seeds are thinly scattered, as the plants must not stand nearer to each other than a foot in the rows; but as some of the seeds will fail, a sufficient quantity to admit of thinning when the ground is hoed, should be sown. If the seed be good, the plants will appear in less than a month; and in a fortnight or three weeks after they appear, it will be proper to hoe the ground to destroy the weeds, and at the same time thin the plants wherever they may be too close; but at this time they should not be separated to their full distance, lest some of them should afterwards fail; if removed six inches asunder, there will be room enough for the plants to grow till the next time of hoeing, when they must be thinned to the distance they are finally to remain: after this they should have a third hoeing, which, if carefully performed in dry weather, will destroy the weeds and make the ground clean, so that the plants will require no further care, till they come to flower, when, if the safflower is intended for use, the florets should be cut off from the flowers as they come to perfection; but this must be performed when they are perfectly dry, and afterwards they should be dried in a kiln, with a moderate fire, in the same manner as the true saffron, which will prepare them for use. If the plants be intended to seed, the plants should not be gathered; for if the florets be cut off, it will render the seeds abortive, though they may swell and grow to their usual size, for when they are broken they will prove to be a shell without a kernel; this is frequently the case in wet cold seasons; and in very wet ones the germen will rot, and never come so forward as to form a shell. The good quality of the carthamus consists chiefly in the colour, which should be a bright saffron, in which that cultivated in England often fails; for if there happen much rain while the plant is in flower, it will change the florets to a dark or dirty yellow, and also that which is gathered when there is any moisture remaining upon it; great care therefore must be taken not to gather it till the dew is dried off, nor should it be pressed together till it has been dried on the kiln; for which, see the genus Crocus. Great quantities of this plant are annually imported into England for dyeing and painting, from the Levant, where, as well as in many parts of Europe, it is at present cultivated. The Spaniards retain this plant in their gardens, to colour their soups, olios, and other dishes, in the same manner as the marigold in England. The Jews also are very partial to it, and mix it in most of their viands, and probably were the first importers of the seed into America, and taught the inhabitants the use of it, for it is now as commonly used by the English there as in any part of Europe. The plant itself may be admitted to have a place in the borders of large gardens, where it will add to the variety during the time of its continuance in flower, which is commonly two months or ten weeks; for if the seeds be sown in the beginning of April, the first flowers will at least appear by the middle of July, and there will be a succession of flowers on the side-branches till the end of September, and in mild warm seasons till the middle of October, during which time the plants will not be destitute of flowers, which being of a bright saffron colour, make a pretty appearance; and if the plants be supported, to prevent their being broken or blown down by the wind, they will not interfere with the other flowers, because they have a regular upright growth.

The Universal Herbal: Cactus Cochinillifer; Cochineal Indian Fig.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Prolierous-jointed; joints ovate, oblong, almost unarmed. — This, which is supposed to be the plant upon which the cochineal insect feeds, has oblong, smooth, upright branches, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, having scarcely any spines on them, and the few which there are, so soft as not to be troublesome when handled. The flowers are small, and of a purple colour; they do not spread open, appear late in autumn with us, and the fruit drops off in winter without coming to perfection. The cochineal insect feeds on many succulent plants, but most commonly on the Cactus genus. For this reason the Indians propagate large quantities of the most harmless species, to breed the insects upon; Dampier's account of which is as follows, “The plant on which the cochineal insect feeds is like the prickly pear, about five feet high, and as prickly, only the leaves are not quite so large, although the fruit is larger: on the top of the fruit there grows a red flower; this, when the fruit is ripe, falls down on the top of it, and covers it so that no rain or dew can wet the inside. A day or two after, the flowers being scorched up by the heat of the sun, the fruit opens wide, and the inside appears full of small red insects. The Indians, when they perceive the fruit open, spread a large linen cloth, and then with sticks shake the plant, to disturb the insects, so that they take wing to begone, but keep hovering over the plant, till by the heat they fall down dead on the cloth, where they let them remain two or three days to dry. The cochineal plants are called toona by the Spaniards. They are planted in the country about Guatimala, Cheapo, and Guaxaca, in the kingdom of Mexico. The difference in point of goodness, observable in the cochineal, is entirely owing to the plant it feeds upon. The prickly pear, or cactus tuna, so abundant in Jamaica, is covered with the insects, but not having their proper food, they are in general diminutive, and have very little red tincture in their bodies; these plants bear a succulent fruit at their extremities, filled with a delicate red-coloured juice; this is the natural food of the insect; the exuviae and animal salts of the insect are, from the minuteness of its parts, inseparable from the essential principles of the dye, and must diminish the brilliancy of the colour: and this has put some persons upon inspissating the juice of the fruit itself. The fruit, when ripe, is said to check fluxes by its mild restringency; it is also a powerful diuretic, and sometimes imparts a tinge to the urine.

The Universal Herbal: Cactus Ficus Indica; Oblong Indian Fig.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Proliferous-jointed; joints ovate, oblong; spines setaceous.-The flowers come out from the upper edges of the leaves, like those of the preceding species; but they are larger, and of brighter yellow colour. The fruit is also larger, and of a deeper purple colour; the outer skin is also armed with longer spines. This is the most common sort in Jamaica, and upon the fruit of this, the wild sort of cochineal insect seeds, which is called silvester. Dr. Houstoun, who was writing a history of these insects, sent some of the plants from Jamaica with the insects alive upon them, and they lived three or four months after their arrival. If the fruit of this plant be eaten, it will dye the urine of a bloody colour. This seems to be a native not only of South America, but also of the East Indies, Cochin-china, Japan, and Madeira: see the seventeenth species.

The Universal Herbal: Bromus Tectorum; Wall Brome Grass.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Panicle nodding; spikelets linear; root annual, or at most biennial. — Native of most parts of Europe, on walls, buildings, and in dry pastures, but not of England: it flowers from May to July, and when approaching to a state of maturity, may be useful in dyeing, where it can be obtained in sufficient quantities.

The Universal Herbal: Bombax Gossipinum.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves five-lobed, acuminate, tomentose underneath. - Native of the Spanish West Indies, where the inhabitants spin the down enclosed in the pods, which is of a fine purple colour, and work it into garments, which they wear without dyeing.

The Universal Herbal: Bixa Orellana; Arnotto or Anotta.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824This shrub rises with an upright stem to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many branches at the top, forming a regular head. The name of this plant is variously spelt in England, as arnotto, arnotta, anotta, anato, anoto, annotto. The drug called terra orellana, or orieana, roucou, or arnotto, is thius prepared from the red pulp which covers the seeds. The contents of the fruit are taken out and thrown into a wooden vessel, where as much jot water is poured upon them as is necessary to suspend the red powder or pulp; and this is gradually washed off with the assistance of the hand, or of a spatula or spoon. When the seeds appear quite naked, they are taken out, and the wash is left to settle; after which the water is gently poured away, and the sediment put into shal low vessels, to be dried by degrees in the shade. After acquiring a due consistence, it is made into balls or cakes, and set to dry in an airy place, until it is perfectly firm. Some persons first pound the contents of the fruit with wooden pestles, then covering them with water, leave them to steep six days: this liquor being passed through a coarse sieve, and afterwards through three finer ones, is again put into the vat or wooden vessel, and left to ferment a week. It is then boiled until it is pretty thick, and when cool it is spread out to dry, and then made up into balls, which are usually wrapped up in leaves. Arnotto, of a good quality, is of the colour of fire, bright within, soft to the touch, and dissolves entirely in water. It is reputed to be cooling and cordial, and is much used by the Spaniards in their chocolate and soups, both to heighten the flavour, and to give them an agreeable colour. It is esteemed good in bloody fluxes, and disorders of the kidneys: mixed with lemon-juice and a guit, it makes the crimson paint with which the Indians adorn their persons. It was formerly used by dyers to form the colour called aurora; but at present it is not held in such estimation as a dye, though it still maintains its ground with painters. Arnotto is well known to be the drug which is used for dyeing cheese in Gloucestershire, under the name of cheese-colouring. It is used in Holland for colouring butter. The bark makes good ropes for the common plantation uses in the West Indies; and pieces of the wood are used by the Indians to procure fire by friction. It is propagated by seeds, and may be cultivated with great ease. It is planted in many parts of Jamaica, Barbadoes, Cayenne, &c. in rich soils and shady situations, shooting luxuriantly near rivulets. The seed should be sown in a small pot, filled with light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, where, if the bed be of a proper temperature of heat, the plants will appear in about a month after: when these are about an inch high, they should be taken out of the pot, and carefully separated, so as not to tear off their tender roots, and each replanted in a small pot filled with some rich light earth, and plunged into a fresh hot-bed of tanner's bark, observing to shade them every day until they have taken new root, after which they must be treated as other tender plants from the same country.

The Universal Herbal: Bignonia Catalpa; Common Catalpa Tree.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves simple, cordate; stem erect; seeds winged with membranes. — The branches dye wool a kind of cinnamon colour. Thunberg mentions, that the Japanese lay the leaves on parts of the body affected with pains, supposing them to be beneficial to the nerves; and that a decoction of the pods is esteemed useful in the asthma. The seeds of this tree are usually imported from South Carolina. The seedling plants should be placed abroad in the beginning of June, in a sheltered situation, till autumn, when they should be placed under a common frame, to screen them from frost in winter; but in mild weather they must be fully exposed to the open air. The following spring these may be taken out of the pots, and planted in a nursery bed in a warm situation, where they may remain two years to get strength, and be afterwards planted where they are designed to remain. These plants, when young, are frequently injured by frost, for they shoot pretty late in autumn, so that the early frosts often kill the extremity of their branches; but as the plants advance in strength, they become more hardy, and are seldom injured but in very severe winters. It is late in the spring before these trees come out, which has often caused persons to believe they were dead, and some have been so imprudent as to cut them down on that supposition, before the tree was well known. It may also be propagated by cuttings, which should be planted in pots in the spring, before the trees begin to push out their shoots, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, observing to shade them from the sun in the middle of the day, and refresh them occasionally with water, which must not be given them in too great plenty. In about six weeks these will have taken root, and made shoots above, so should have plenty of air admitted to them constantly, and hardened by degrees to bear the open air, into which they should be removed, and treated in the same manner as the seedling plants, and the spring following planted out into a nursery-bed, as is before directed. The catalpa delights in a moist soil, where it will make great progress, and in a few years produce flowers.

The Universal Herbal: Bidens Tripartita; Trifid Water Hemp Agrimony, or Bur Marygold.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves trifid; calices somewhat leafy; seeds erect; root annual. — This plant dyes a deep yellow: the yarn or thread must be first steeped in alum-water, then dried and steeped in a decoction of the plant, and afterwards boiled in the decoction. The seeds have been sometimes known to destroy gold fish by adhering to their gills and jaws. As it is found by a chemical analysis to possess much the same qualities as verbesina acmella, it is probable that it might have the same good effects in expelling the stone and gravel: it grows readily in wet situations.

The Universal Herbal: Betula Alnus; Alder.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Peduncles branched; leaves roundish, wedge-form, very obtuse, glutinous; axils of the veins villose underneath. - Though this species appears generally as a shrub, it will grow to a considerable tree, thirty-five or forty feet in height. It is a native of Europe, from Lapland to Gibraltar, and of Asia, from the White Sea to mount Caucasus, in wet and boggy grounds, and on the banks of rivers; flowering with us in March and April. There are many varieties of which our limits will not admit; but there is a long-leaved alder from America, which grows to thirty feet in height, and merits a place in all plantations. The branches are slender, smooth, numerous, and dark brown, or purple. The leaves are long, and free from the clamminess of the commort sort: they sometimes continue on the tree even in December, and it has then the appearance of an evergreen. The wood of the alder is valuable for piles, pipes, pumps, sluices, and in general for all works intended to be constantly under water. It is said to have been used under the Rialto at Venice; and we are told that the morasses about Ravenna were piled with it, in order to lay the foundations, for building upon. In Flanders and Holland it is raised in abundance for this purpose. It serves also many domestic and rural uses, as for cart-wheels, spinning wheels, milk vessels, bowls, spoons, small trays, trenchers, and other turnery ware, troughs, handles of tools, clogs, pattens, and wooden heels. The roots and knots furnish a beautiful veined wood for cabinets. The Scotch Highlanders often make chairs of it, which are very handsome, and the colour of mahogany. The wood which has lain in bogs is black like ebony. It is very generally planted for coppice wood, to be cut down every ninth or tenth year for poles; and the branches make good charcoal. The bark is used by dyers, tanners, and leather dressers; also by fishermen for their nets. Both this and the young shoots dye yellow, and, with a little copperas, a yellowish gray, very useful in the demi-tints and shadows of flesh ill tapestry. The shoots cut in March will dye a cinnamon colour; and a fine tawny, if they be dried and powdered. The fresh wood yields a dye the colour of rappee snuff. The catkins dye green. The bark is used as a basis for blacks: an ounce of it dried and powdered, boiled in three quarters of a pint of water, with an equal quantity of log: wood, with solution of copper, tin, and bismuth, six grains of each, and two drops of solution of iron vitriol, will dye a strong deep boue de Paris. The leaves have been sometimes employed in tanning leather. The Laplanders chew the bark, and dye their leather garments red with their saliva. The whole tree is very astringent. Motherby says, a decoction of the bark of the alder has been often known to cure agues, and is frequently used by country people, to repel inflammatory tumors in the throat, and parts adjacent. According to Tournefort, the peasants on the Alps are frequently cured of rheumatic complaints, by being covered with bags full of the heated leaves. The bark possesses a considerable degree of astringency, and a decoction of it may be advantageously employed to bathe swellings and inflammations. It dyes woollen of a reddish colour, and, with the addition of copperas, black. A late popular writer very gravely assures us, that if the leaves are strewed in a chamber infested with fleas, they will all immediately come together upon them, and be so entangled by the clamminess on their surface, that they may be easily destroyed. But surely it would be an equally effectual method of getting rid of these troublesome bed-fellows, to apply a decoction of the leaves, as a celebrated quack advised the purchasers of his nostrum to do with it; namely, to catch them by the skin of the neck, which must of course compel them to gape, and then pour a little of the liquid down their throats. The alder makes good hedges by the sides of streams and ditches, and in all wet morassy soils, and serves to keep up the banks: but if it be planted in a low meadow, it is said that the ground surrounding it will become boggy; whereas if ash be planted, the roots of which penetrate a great way, and run near thesurface, the ground will become firm and dry. The shade of alder seems to be no material impediment to the growth of grass. The boughs cut in summer, spread over the land, and left during the winter to rot, are found to answer as a manure; clearing the ground in March of the undecayed parts, and then ploughing it. The fresh-gathered leaves are covered with a glutinous liquor, in which fleas are said to entangle themselves, as birds do in lime. Linneus says, that horses, cows, sheep, and goats, eat it, but that swine refuse it. The tongues of horses feeding upon it are turned black, and it is supposed by some persons not to be wholesome for them. The alder delighting in a very moist soil, where few other trees will thrive, is a great improvement to such lands. It is propagated by layers, cuttings, or truncheons about three feet in length. The best time for planting truncheons is in February, or the beginning of March; they should be sharpened at one end, and the ground should he loosened with an iron crow before they are thrust into it, that the bark may not be torn off. They must be planted at least two feet deep, to prevent their being blown out of the ground by strong winds, after they have made their shoots. The plantations should be cleared at first of tall weeds; but when the trees have made good heads, they will require no farther care. If you raise them by layers, this operation must be performed in October, and by the October following they will have taken root sufficiently to be transplanted. They should be set at least a foot and a half deep in the ground; and their tops must be cut off to about nine inches above the surface, which will occasion them to shoot out many branches. In planting alders for coppices, it is much better to raise them from young trees than from truncheons. To obtain a quantity of these plant-suckers, and head them down for stools, lay the shoots the succeeding autumn, and in twelve months they will have taken root; then remove and plant them in rows; in one or two years, they may be planted where they are to remain. If the coppice is to be on boggy or watery ground, they may be removed from the nursery, and planted three feet asunder in holes previously prepared. There they may stand six or seven years, when half the trees may be taken away, and the rest cut down for stools. Every ninth or tenth year will afford a fall for poles.

The Universal Herbal: Betula Nana; Smooth Dwarf Birch.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves orbiculate, crenate. — This is an upright shrub, seldom above two or three feet high; trunk hard and stiff, with a roughish bark, like that of the elm, of a russet or blackish purple colour. It flowers in May, and is a native of the northern parts of Europe. This plant, the leaves of which, according to Linneus, dye a better yellow than the common birch, is of signal use in the oeconomy of the Laplanders. The branches furnish them with their bed and their chief fuel; and the seeds are the food of the ptarmigan, which makes so considerable a part of their sustenance. The moxa also is prepared from it, which they consider as an efficacious remedy in all painful diseases.

The Universal Herbal: Berberis Vulgaris; Common Berberry.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Peduncles racemed; spines triple. — The common berberry is a shrub rising to the height of eight or ten feet; it is a native of the eastern countries, and now of most parts of Europe, in woods, coppices, and hedges. It is found in a chalky soil in England, particularly about Saffron-walden in Essex. The flowers appear in May, and the fruit ripens in September. The varieties of this species are not worth enumerating. The leaves of this shrub are gratefully acid: the smell of the flowers is offensive when near, but pleasant at a certain distance: the berries are so very acid that birds seldom touch them. The berberry, however, is cultivated for the sake of the fruit, which are pickled, and used for garnishing dishes, and being boiled with sugar, form a most agreeable rob or jelly; they are used likewise as a sweetmeat, and are put into sugar plums or comfits. The roots boiled in lye yield a yellow colour; and in Poland they dye leather of a fine yellow colour with the bark of the root. The inner bark of the stems will also dye linen of a fine yellow, with the assistance of alum. Cows, sheep, and goats, are said to eat it; horses and swine to refuse it. The fruit of the berberry is considered as a mild restringent acid, agreeable to the stomach, and of efficacy, like other vegetable acids, in hot bilious disorders, and in a putrid disposition of the humours. According to Prosper Alpinus, the Egyptians employ a diluted juice of the berries in ardent and pestilential fevers. Their method is to macerate them in about twelve times their quantity of water, and let them stand for about twenty-four hours, and then to add a little fennel-seed. The liquor is then pressed out and strained, and sweetened with sugar, or syrup of citrons, roses, &c. and given plentifully as a drink. A concrete, similar to cream of tartar, may be obtained from the juice, by mixing it with lemon juice, in the proportion of two pounds of berberry juice, and two ounces of lemon juice, and digesting them in a sand-heat for two days, and then gently evaporating the filtered liquor to one-half, and setting it in a cellar for some days. The tartar incrustates the sides of the vessel, and is a grateful medicine in febrile disorders: in fact, it is the essential salt of the berberry. The berries of this shrub are also made into an agreeable jelly, by boiling them with an equal weight of fine sugar to a proper consistence, and then straining it. As the leaves are also acid, they have been sometimes employed for the same purposes as the fruit, and have been introduced as an ingredient in salads. The celebrated naturalist Mr. Ray, successfully employed the inner yellow bark, which is austere and bitterish, in the form of a decoction or other liquors, as a gentle purgative in the jaundice. It is also said to be a good lotion for the itch, and other cutaneous eruptions. In sects of various kinds are remarkably fond of the berberry flowers. Linneus observed long since, that when bees, in search of honey, touch the filamenta, they spring from the petal, and strike the antherae against the stigma, and thereby explode the pollen. The purpose which this curious contrivance of nature is intended to answer is evident: in the original position of the stamina, the antherae are sheltered from rain by the concavity of the petals; thus probably they remain, till some insect, coming to extract honey from the base of the flower, thrusts itself between the filamenta, and almost unavoidably touches them in the most irritable part; thus the impregnation of the germen is performed; and as it is chiefly in fine sunny weather that insects are on the wing, the pollen is also in such weather most fit for the purpose of impregnation. It is generally propagated by suckers, which are put out in great plenty from the roots; but these plants are very subject to send out suckers in greater plenty than those which are propagated by layers; therefore the latter method should be preferred. The best time for laying down the branches is in autumn, when their leaves begin to fall; the young shoots of the same year are the best for this purpose; these will be well rooted by the next autumn, when they may be taken off, and planted where they are designed to remain. Where this plant is cultivated for its fruit, it should be planted single (not in hedges, as was the old practice) and the suckers every autumn taken away, and all the gross shoots pruned out; by this method the fruit will be much fairer and in greater plenty, than upon those which have been suffered to grow wild: a few of these shrubs may be allowed to have place in wildernesses, or plantations of shrubs, where they will make a pretty variety; but they should not be planted in great quantities near walks which are much frequented, because their flowers emit a very strong disagreeable odour.

The Universal Herbal: Averrboa Carambola.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Axilas of the leaves fruit bearing; pomes oblong, acute-angled. — This is a tree above the middle size, with spreading branches, and a very close head; pome the size of a hen's egg, acutely five-cornered, five-celled, many-seeded; the rind is yellow, thin, and smooth; the pulp clear, watery, in many sweet, in others acid, with scarcely any smell; seeds small, oblong, angular, flatted, and brown. Rheede relates, that the carambola is twelve or fourteen feet in height, scarcely a foot in girth, with a rough brown bark; that it bears three times a year from the age of three to fifty; that the root-leaves and fruit are used medicinally, either alone or with areca or betel leaves; that the latter, when ripe, are esteemed delicious; unripe, are pickled; and that they are also used in dyeing, and for other economical purposes. Burman informs us, that the acid juice of this plant is not so pleasant as that of the first species; that the fruit is rather larger, and is used for the same purposes; and that it is a very beautiful tree.

The Universal Herbal: Atriplex Hortensis; Garden Orache.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Stem erect, herbaceous; leaves triangular; root annual; stem three feet high, and more, thick, shining. — It is a native of Tartary. There are three or four varieties of this, differing only in the colour of the plants; one is of a deep green, another of a dark purple, and a third with green leaves and purple borders. It is used of many, says Parkinson, boiled and buttered, to make the stomach and belly soluble, and is put among other herbs into the pot, to make pottage. There are many dishes of meat made with it while it is young; for being almost without savour, it is the more convertible into what relish any one will make it, with sugar, spice, &c. It was formerly cultivated in the kitchen-gardens, as a culinary herb, being used as spinage, and is now by some persons preferred to it, though in general it is not esteemed among the English; but the French cultivate this plant for use. The red orache is formed to dye wool of a good olive colour. This must be sown for use early in the spring, or at Michaelmas, soon after the seeds are ripe, at which time it generally succeeds better than when it is sown in the spring, and will be fit for use at least a month earlier. These plants require no other culture, but to boe them when they are about an inch high, to cut them down when they are too thick, leaving them about four inches asunder, and also to cut down all the weeds. This must be done in dry weather, otherwise the weeds will take root again, and render the work of little or no use. When the plants are grown about four inches high, it will be proper to hoe them a second time, in order to clear them from weeds; and if you observe the plants are left too close in any part, they should then be cut out. If this he well performed, and in dry weather, the ground will remain clean until the plant is fit for use. Where it is sown on a rich soil, and the plants are allowed a proper distance, the leaves will be very large, and in that the excellence of the herb consists. It must be eaten when young, for when the stalks become tough, they are good for nothing. The seeds will ripen in August, when the plants may be cut or pulled up, and laid on a cloth to dry; after which the seeds may be beaten out, and laid up in bags for use.

The Universal Herbal: Asperula Tinctoria; Narrow-leaved Woodroof.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves linear, the lower six, the middle four in a whorl; stem flaccid; most of the flowers trifid; corolla white; the whole plant is green and smooth. - In Gothland the roots are used instead of madder for dyeing wool of a red colour. — It is a native of Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, France, Carniola, and Siberia.

The Universal Herbal: Asperula Arvensis; Blue or Field Woodroof.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves six in a whorl; flowers sessile, terminal, aggregate; root annual, slender, with a yellow bark; corollas blue, with streaks of darker blue; germs smooth. - The roots dye a fine red colour. It flowers in July, and is a native of France, Germany, and various parts of Italy.

The Universal Herbal: Arundo Phragmites; Common Reed.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824
Calices five flowered: panicle loose. - It flowers from July till September, and ripens its seeds in October and November. It is very common by the sides of rivers, in ditches, and large Standing waters. In autumn, when the leaves begin to fall, and the stems are changed brown, it is cut for making screens in kitchen-gardens, and for many other uses, as thatching, for which it is more durable than straw for ceilings, and inlay across the frame of wood-work, as the foundation for plaister floors. The panicles are used by the country people in Sweden, to dye wool green, and the root has been recommended as answering the same purposes, as Dog's grass, or triticum canianum. According to Hill, the juice of the fresh root excites the menstrual discharge powerfully, but not violently: it likewise inereases, the urinary evacuation, and, is serviceable in stranguries and the gravel.

The Universal Herbal: Artemisia Abrotanum; Southern wood.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaves setaceous, very branching. — It seldom rises above three or four feet high. Common Southernwood, which is merely a variety of this species, is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong smell. It is not much in use, but promises considerable effects, outwardly, in discussing contusions and humours; in wardly, for destroying worms, and in disorders peculiar to the female sex. It may have great efficacy in catarrhal malignant fevers, by its quality of promoting perspiration, which it possesses in a very high degree. A table-spoonful of the expressed juice may be given, half an ounce of the decoction, or a whole ounce of the infusion of the herb. In the present practice it is seldom used, except as an ingredient in discutient and antiseptic fomentations. A strong decoction of the leaves destroys worms; but it is a very nauseous medicine. The leaves are also esteemed as a good ingredient in founentations, for easing pain, dispersing swellings, and stopping the progress of gangrenes. The top of the young branches, beaten into a conserve with three times their weight of sugar, are rendered less unpleasant to take, and in this form are good for all nervous disorders, and in all hysteric complaints. Culpeper says, that the distilled water was formerly given for the stone. It is held by all writers, ancient and modern, to be more offensive to the stomach than wormwood. The branches of it dye wool a deep yellow.

The Universal Herbal: Areca Catechu.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Fronds pinnate; leaflets folded back, opposite end bitten. — This palm is forty or fifty feet high, the trunk six or eight inches in diameter. The fruit does not fall, off even when ripe. The Indians call it Chotool, and present it to all their guests green when it can be procured, and stripped of the outer rind, but otherwise dried. They are continually chewing it, and swallowing their saliva tinctured with the juice, which is esteemed to be an excellent anti-[]butic for the gums, and a strengthener of the stomach and appetite. It is also used in constipations of the bowels, and in worm cases. A decoction of the nuts is employed in dyeing, and is supposed both to set and enliven the colour. A native of the East Indies and of China.

The Universal Herbal: Arbutus Uva Ursi; Trailing Arbutus, or Bearberry.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Stems procumbent; leaves quite entire. — This shrub abounds in most parts of the continent, and in heathy, mountainous, and rocky places, throughout the highlands; also, near Hexham, in Northumberland. The leaves have been greatly ce lebrated as a remedy in stony and gravelly complaints. The dose is half a drachm of the powder of the leaves, every morning, or twice or thrice daily. De Haen relates, after great experience of this medicine in the hospital of Vienna, that suppurations, though obstinate and of long continuance, in the kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra, scrotum, and perinaeum, where there was no venereal taint, nor marks of calculi, were in general completely cured by it; that even of those who had a manifest calculus, several found permanent relief, so that long after the medicine had been left off, they continued free from pain or inconvenience in making water, though the catheter shewed that the calculus still remained: that others, who seemed to be cured, relapsed on leaving off the medicine, and were several times successively relieved by again repeating its use; while others obtained from it only temporary and precarious relief, the complaints being often as severe during the operation of the medicine as when it was not used. The trials made of it in this country have not answered the general ex pectation. Some have had their complaints entirely removed, others have thought them aggravated by it. But though it frequently fails of performing a cure in those dreadful maladies, stone, gravel, &c. it many times alleviates the symptoms, and procures intervals of ease when all other means are ineffectual; which is a matter of no small moment, and certainly entitles it to some notice. It is probably not superior upon the whole to other vegetable astringents, some of which The have long been successfully used by the country people in gravelly complaints, although they are not noticed by medical practitioners. Whatever may be the ultimate decision as to its medical properties, the whole plant is certainly very serviceable in dyeing an ash-colour, but particularly in tanning leather. In this view it well deserves attention in those countries, the Highlands and Western Islands of Scotland for instance, where whole mountains are covered with this trailing shrub, and they have scarcely timber sufficient for their occonomical purposes. The berries are food for grouse and other game.

The Universal Herbal: Angelica Sylvestris; Wild Angelica.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Leaflets equal, ovate-lanceolate, serrate. Has a smooth stem six inches high; it is perennial, and very common in moist woods and hedges by the sides of rivers, flowering in July and August. — This herb yields a good yellow dye, and may be safely used as a medicine instead of the garden angelica; but as it only possesses its virtues in an inferior degree, it has been long neglected.

The Universal Herbal: Anemone Nemerosa; Wood Anemone.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Seeds acute, tailless; leaflets gashed; stem one flowered; flower naked. Root perennial, creeping; height of the plant ten inches; the usual colour of the flower white. It grows in woods among bushes, in hedges, and in pastures of most parts of Europe. It almost covers the ground with its flowers in some of the woods of England during March, April, and May. In fine clear weather the blossoms are expanded, and become so erect as to face the sun; but in wet weather, and in the evening, they are closed and hang down. As the paper in which dried specimens of this plant had been preserved was stained brown, it might probably be useful as a dye. It is acrid, and slightly poisonous. Linneus informs us that cattle brought from open to woody pastures, and eating of this plant, have afterwards had the bloody flux, and voided bloody urine. When the flowers become double, the wood anemone is cultivated by the gardeners; and were the same pains taken with it as with the foreign anemones, it would in all probability soon stand higher in the estimation of the florist. The roots may be taken up when the leaves decay, and transplanted into wildernesses, where they will greatly increase if not disturbed; and in the spring, before the leafing of the trees, the ground will be covered with their flowers. This plant is also called the Wind Flower. The juice snuffed up the nose, or the root held in the mouth, excites a discharge of cold watery humours from the head and parts adjacent. The leaves bruised, and applied to ulcers and running sores, cleanse, and dispose them to heal. Some authors recommend it in suppressions of the menses; but it is too acrid in its nature for internal use, and might be fatal in unskilful hands.

The Universal Herbal: Anchusa Tinctoria; Dyer's Alkanet.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Downy, leaves lanceolate, obtuse, stamina shorter than the corollas. - This greatly resembles the Garden Alkanet, and is cultivated in the south of France for the deep purplish red colour of the roots. It gives a fine deep red to oils, wax, and all unctuous substances, as well as to spirit of wine. It grows about Montpellier, in Silesia, Spain, and Italy.

The Universal Herbal: Anabasis Aphylla; Leafless Anabasis.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Without leaves, the joints emarginate; the stem short and roundish; the berry dyes a yellow colour. — It is perennial, and has been found wild on the shores of the Caspian sea.

The Universal Herbal: Aletris Cochinchinensis.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Caulescent; leaves lanceolate-linear, reflex; flowers panicled. Stem shrubby, six feet high, quite simple, upright. — A native of Cochin-China, where it is cultivated in gardens; the natives eat the flowers, and use the leaves for dyeing green. It is easily propagated from the side-heads which it puts out after flowering, and which require the same method as the sixth species.

The Universal Herbal: Agrimonia Eupatoria; Common Agrimony.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Stem-leaves Pinnate; the end-lobe petiolate; fruits hispid. — This plant is only a foot and a half in height; it is a native of woods, shady places, hedges and borders of cornfields in Great Britain, and most parts of Europe. It is perennial, and flowers in June and July. The root in spring is sweet-scented; the fresh-gathered flowers smell like apricots. Kalm informs us that the Canadians use an infusion of the root in burning fevers with great success. Dr. Hill affirms, that an infusion of six ounces of the crown of the root, in a quart of boiling water, sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it drank three times a day, is an effectual cure for the jaundice. He advises to begin with a vomit, afterwards to keep the bowels soluble, and to continue the medicine as long, as any symptoms of the disease remain. The leaves, which make a pleasant tea, and are said to be serviceable in hemorrhages, and in obstructions of the liver and spleen, are used either fresh or dried. They have been recommended in the jaundice, but are found by experience to be salutary in the diabetes, and incontinence of urine. This plant is also one of the famous vulnerary herbs, and an ingredient in the genuine arquebusade-water. It is frequent, according to Meyrick in dry pastures; and is a mild corroborant, of great efficacy in all such disorders as arise from a lax habit of body: its roots appear to possess the properties of the Peruvian bark in a very considerable degree, without manifesting any of its inconvenient qualities; and if taken in pretty large doses, either in decoction or powder, seldom fails to cure the ague. The leaves, digested in whey, afford an useful diet-drink for the spring, particularly for such as are troubled with scorbutic complaints. The country people also use them by way of cataplasm in contusions and fresh wounds. If gathered when it is coming into flower, this plant will dye wool of a good bright full nankeen colour; but if gathered in September, the yellow colour will be darker. As it gives a good dye at all times, and is a common plant easily cultivated, it deserves the notice of the dyers: in the Berlin Acts it is recommended for dressing leather. Sheep and goats eat it; but kine, horses, and swine refuse it. There are two varieties of this species, the White Agrimony, and the Sweet-scented Agrimony, both natives of Italy. The leaves of the latter emit an agreeable odour, and also make a pleasant cooling tea, which is an excellent beverage for persons in a fever.

The Universal Herbal: Aesculus Hippocastanum; Common Horse Chesnut.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824The flowers with seven stamina; leaves digitate, with seven entire leaflets; capsules prickly. — This tree is well known, and was formerly in greater esteem for walks and avenues than at present, which is owing to the litter made by its leaves when falling: it affords, notwithstanding, a noble shade, very, early in the year, and no tree has more beauty during the time of its flowering, for the extremities off the branches are terminated by fine spikes of flowers, so that every part of the tree seems covered with them, and being intermixed with the large digitate leaves, they make a noble appearance, continuing in beauty for nearly a month. In Turkey the nuts are ground, and mixed with the provender of those horses which have coughs or are broken-winded. Some assert that swine will fatten on them, and Haller says that sheep have been fed with them whole, and poultry with them boiled, and that both have done well; but this is disputed by others. The bark may be used to save soap in washing, as it has a saponaceous quality; it has been successfully used in Italy as a medicine for intermittent fevers; and has answered very well in dyeing several sorts of yellow colours. Notwithstanding the bad character Mr. Miller gives of the timber of this tree, it is said to be useful in making pipes to convey water under ground, as it will last longer than harder woods. Dr. Hunter says it is used for turnery, and is worth sixpence per foot in the north of England. Mr. Hanbury confirms Hunter's account, and adds, that the tree grows speedily to a great magnitude, and sells at such a price as to make it well worth planting for the sake of the timber, and that it ought to be felled in November or December. This species was brought from the northern parts of Asia nearly three centuries ago, and is more common now than it was an hundred years since. These trees are propagated by sowing the nutsearly in the spring, but they must be preserved in sand during the winter, otherwise they will mould and rot. They will shoot nearly a foot the first summer, and if they stand close, should be transplanted the next autumn into the nursery, and remain there two years; they should then be removed where they are in tended to remain, and well secured by a fence of good stakes against young cattle and violent winds.

The Universal Herbal: Actaea Spicata; Common Black-berried Herb Christopher, or Bane-berry.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824Raceme ovate, fruits berried. — This species grows naturally in several places in the north of England. It rises two feet and an half high. It flowers in July, and in autumn ripens its fruits, which are black and shining, about the size of peas, and very poisonous. Indeed the whole plant is of an acrid and poisonous nature, and therefore though a powerful repellant, and having a root useful in some nervous cases, must be administered with caution. The juice of the berries mixed with alum yields a black dye. Toads seem to be allured by the smell of this plant; but Dr. Withering observes, that this may be owing to its fondness for the same damp shady situations as the toad. There are two varieties of this species, one an American plant with white berries; the other of British origin, and being only distinguished from the rest of the same species by its berries being red instead of black.

The Universal Herbal: Acer Rubrum; Scarlet flowering Maple.

The Universal Herbal;
or botanical, medical and agricultural dictonary.
Containing an account of All the known Plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures.
With the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements.
collected from indisputable Authorities.
Adapted to the use of the farmer - the gardener - the husbandman - the botanist - the florist - and country housekeepers in general.
By Thomas Green.
Vol. I
Liverpool.
Printed at the Caxton Press by Henri Fisher.
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
1824—Leaves five lobed, slightly toothed, glaucous underneath; peduncles very simple and aggregate: of this tree there are two varieties in nurseries. 1. The Virginian scarlet-flowering maple. 2. Sir Charles Wager's flowering maple. With us it is propagated for the sake of the scarlet flowers which appear in the spring. In Pennsylvania, where it grows in the swamps, the natives use it for almost all sorts of woodwork; with the bark they dye a dark blue, and make a good black ink. The Canadians tap the tree, and make sugar and treacle from the juice.

Weekly summary of inventions. Retort for burning bone black.

Scientific American 13, 24.3.1860

The object of this invention is to obviate the difficulty hitherto attending the warping of the metal plates which retain in proper position the upper parts of the cast metal chambers or tubes in which the bone black is burned. The invention also has for its object economy in space, the parts of the retort being so arranges that the charged chambers or tubes will be exposed in the most advantageous manner to the fire, and the contents of all the charged chambers or tubes simultaneously burned. The incention has further for its obect the perfect controlling of the fire so that the chambers or tubes may be uniformly heated, and no part of their contents injured by too intense a heat, and so forming the chambers or tubes as to resist the action of the heat, the parts most exposed being thicker than the other parts. The invention has lastly, for its obect a more facile mode than usual, of connecting the coolers to the chambers or tubes so that the former may be readily attached to, and detached from the latter, and als oin an improved mode of drying the bone black after it has been used, so that the same may be deprived of the moisture it contains both by evaporation and draining, thereby greatly expediting the drying process, and rapidly preparing te bone black for the chambers or tubes. The credit of this contrivance is due to William Mitchell, of this city.

Valuable Receipts. Silvering Silk.

Scientific American, 6.6.1863

When a piece of silk is dipped into a solution of the nitrate of silver, and then exposed wet to a current of hydrogen gas, the nitrate is reduced, and the silk is covered with a coating of silver.