<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896</id><updated>2012-01-30T02:02:54.310+02:00</updated><category term='korte'/><category term='Haggren'/><category term='muovi'/><category term='Wiipurin Uutiset'/><category term='Betula'/><category term='Brenson'/><category term='Jyränkö'/><category term='proosa'/><category term='mainokset - maalaus'/><category term='Savo-Karjala'/><category term='saksanpähkinä'/><category term='1940'/><category term='1880-luku'/><category term='mangesiavalkoinen'/><category term='keramiikka'/><category term='värikasvit'/><category term='Tieto-Sanomia Suomen Kansalle'/><category term='pukeutuminen'/><category term='tuotepakkaukset yms'/><category term='nokkonen'/><category term='Päijänne'/><category term='perunat'/><category term='Haminan Sanomat'/><category term='1998'/><category term='Gart'/><category term='myrkyt'/><category term='puolukka'/><category term='prisma'/><category term='asphodelus'/><category term='mainokset - 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kosmetiikka'/><category term='hiukset'/><category term='kankaanpainanta'/><category term='tietosanakirjat tms'/><category term='The Galaxy'/><category term='värien vaikutus'/><category term='1829'/><category term='laitteet ja koneet'/><category term='ohjeistukset ja määräykset'/><category term='sanonnat'/><category term='1975'/><category term='musta'/><category term='Eusebe'/><category term='Suomen Käsityön Ystäwät'/><category term='1952'/><category term='baphia'/><category term='Felling'/><category term='fustiikki'/><category term='Topelius'/><category term='Östra Finland'/><category term='Venäjä'/><category term='Dalton'/><category term='terre verte t. veronanvihreä'/><category term='1828'/><category term='Kansas City Review'/><category term='1918'/><category term='Appligny'/><category term='saunakukka'/><category term='sininen'/><category term='1600-luku'/><category term='ohjeet - valkaisu'/><category term='puretusaineet'/><category term='tärpätti'/><category term='sanguinaria'/><category term='Päivän Uutiset'/><category term='Saksa'/><category term='Berthollett'/><category term='ilmoitukset'/><category term='Valtioneuvoston päätös'/><category term='kurjenjalka'/><category term='Hoffmann'/><category term='sandrakka'/><category term='Ehrlich'/><category term='varoitukset'/><category term='1890'/><category term='pakinat ja kirjoitelmat'/><category term='Dumey'/><category term='Suupohjan Työmies'/><category term='ranskaksi'/><title type='text'>coloriasto</title><subtitle type='html'>Coloriasto on väriaiheisten tekstien (ja kuvien) verkkoarkisto.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1620</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1541698003993404998</id><published>2012-01-14T10:21:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-14T10:21:24.647+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1906'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aamulehti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='koulut ja opiskelu'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tampere'/><title type='text'>Tampereen teollisuuskoulun uudet ammattiosastot.</title><content type='html'>Aamulehti 153, 10.7.1906&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tampereen  teollisuuskoululla tehdään nykyään ripeää uutisrakennus- ja muutostyötä. Ensi lokakuussa toimensa alkawat kolme uutta ammattiosastoa eiwät mahtuneet koulun entisiin suojiin ja oli niitä sentähden laajennettava kaksikerroksisella kiwirakennuksella ja entisen koulurakennuksen pohjakerroksella, joka tähän asti on ollut yksityisen yritteliäisyyden huostassa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Piakkoin wesikattoon joutuwassa kiwirakennuksessa tulee aiwan weres kutomoteollisuusammattiosasto pitämään tyyssijaansa. Se saa siellä kuusi waloisaa huineita käytettäwäkseen, joista warsinaisiksi opetussuojiksi joutunee kaksi, ellemme tahdo näihin lukea awaraa kutomosalia, jossa asianmukaiset kutomiskoneet sekä käsin että woimakonein käywät, antawat oppilaille kätewyyttä jo taitoa sidontaopin salaisuuksien ilmoitte tuomisessa. Kun tähän wielä lisäämme ammattiopettajan suojan, joka warustetaan kaikenlaisilla kutomisammattiin kuuluwilla koetuskojeilla syiden, lankojen ja kudosten kelpoisuus- ja kestäwyystutkimuksia warten, woimme siirtyä wanhan koulurakennuksen pohjakerrokseen, jota ahkerat kädet muowaawat suojiksi myöskin aiwan uusia paperi-, wärjäys- ja wiimeistely- (aoretuuri) ammattiosastoa warten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siwuuttaen koulun entisessä sisäänkäytäwästä wasemmalla olewan ammattiopettajien suojan ja oikealla osastojen yhteisen luokkahuoneen joudumme awaran eteisen kautta kahteen kemialliseen laboratoriohuoeeseen. Sanoisimme näitä tämän huoneuston sydämiksi, sillä niissä tulewat osastojen oppilaat saamaan sen kemiallisen "tuntemuksen" ja taidon, joka warsinaisten ammattiaineiden awulla tekee heidät kykenewiksi selwiytymään paperin ja selluloosan walmistuksen ongelmoista, saamaan wärjäyksen ja kankaiden wiimeistelyn nykyaikaisia waatimuksia wastaawiksi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kunkin uuden ammattiosaston oppilaika on kaksiwuotinen. Paitsi yleisiä aineita, kuten matematiikkaa, fysiikkaa ja mekaniikkaa, - jotka owat kaikille osastoille yhteisiä, - käsittää ensi wuoden oppimäärä kutomoteollisuusosastolla perustelewina ammattiaineina aines-oppia, kehruuta, kutomotuotteiden teknologiaa, sidontaoppia ja mallienharjoitusta ammattipiirustuksen ja käytännöllisen harjoitusten ohella kutomosalissa. Toisena oppiwuotena laajenewat nämä warsinaisiksi ammattiaineiksi, jolloin oppilas perin juuri saa sywentyä kaikkiin kutomateollisuudessa esiintywiin eri toimialoihin, wieläpä wärjäyksien ja kankaiden wiimeistelyynkin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Myöskin paperiteollisuusosastossa owat ensi wuoden ammattiaineet waan perustelewaa laatua. Mainittawimpia näistä owat yleinen koneoppi, konepiirustus ja kemia sekä yleisessä että sowellutetussa muodossa paperin ja selluloosan walmistuksessa tarwittawiin eri aineisiin nähden. Wasta toisena wuotena joutuu oppilas paperin ja selluloosan walmistukseen, tässä tarwittavwiin koneisiin ja saatujen tuotteiden koetukseen lähemmin perehtymään.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wärjäys- ja wiimeistelyosastossa on kemian tutkiminen ensi wuotena etusijassa. Se onkin luonnollista, kun muistaa, että entisajan "opissa käynti" wärjärin ja kankaiden vwiimeistelijän ammatissa ei enään ota leiwille lyödäkseen sen jälkeen kuin tiede kemiallisen tutkimuksen muodossa on alkanut lausua painawat sanansa asiassa. Paitsi kemiaa, kuuluu ensi wuoden oppikurssiin yleinen koneoppi ja konepiirustus, sekä warsinaisia ammattiaineita perustelewina aineina aines- oppi ja kutomotuotteiden teknologia, joka tällöin sisältäisi lyhyen oppimäärän kehräämis- ja kutomismenettelytawoista ja niistä saaduista tuloksista. Kun tälle perustalle sittemmin toisena wuotena tulee sekä tietopuolinen että käytännöllinen taito eri raaka-aineiden wärjäyksessä ja wiimeistelyssä ja kaiken lopuksi wäriaistink ehittäminen tieteen ja taiteen antamien sääntöjen mukaisesti, olemme lyhyessä ja pääpiirteissään esittäneet sen, mitä nämä uudet ja ainoat sen suuntaiset ammattikoulut maassamme tulewat oppilailleen tarjoamaan. Kuten ennen jo mainitsimme, alkawat uudet ammattikoulut toimintansa Tampereen teollisuuskoulun yhteydessä lokak. 1 p:nä. - Lähemmin ilmoituksessa, joka näinä päiwinä tulee lehdessämme julkaistawaksi.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1541698003993404998?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1541698003993404998/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1541698003993404998' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1541698003993404998'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1541698003993404998'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/tampereen-teollisuuskoulun-uudet.html' title='Tampereen teollisuuskoulun uudet ammattiosastot.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1698690026868205909</id><published>2012-01-14T10:19:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-14T10:19:23.123+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vähän värin vierestä'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='simpukka- ja muut kiillevärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Popular Science Monthly'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1893'/><title type='text'>C. H. Henderson: Cutting Mica.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 7/1893&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the glass-house the mica is put into shape for shipment. The blocks vary greatly in size. One from the Wiseman mine, near Spruce Pine, is reported to have been 6 feet long by 3 wide. Pieces a yard in diameter have been obtained at the Ray mine, in Yancey county, and similarly large plates have been found in Siberia, but these are exceptional. The average block is little larger than the page of a magazine, and is generally less than six inches in thickness. It separates very readily into sheets parallel to the base of the prism. It is estimated that this cleavage may be carried so far that it would take three hundred thousand of the mica plates to make an inch. It is needles to say, however, that such a thickness is not suitable for service in stoves and furnaces.  The mica is generally split into plates varying from about 1/8 to 1/64 of an inch in thickness. In preparing these plates for market, the first step is to cut them into suitable sizes. Women are frequently employed in this work, and do it as well as, if not better than men. The cutter sits on a special bench which is provided with a huge pair of shears, one leg of which is firmly fixed to the bench itself, while the movable leg is within convenient grasp. It is requisite that the shears shall be sharp and true, for otherwise they will tear the mica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The patterns according to which the mica is cut are arranged in a case near at hand. They are made of tin, wood, or pasteboard, according to the preference of the establishment. Generally they are simple retangles, varying in size from about four square inches to eighty. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- C. H. Henderson, in the Popular Science Monthly.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1698690026868205909?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1698690026868205909/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1698690026868205909' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1698690026868205909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1698690026868205909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/c-h-henderson-cutting-mica.html' title='C. H. Henderson: Cutting Mica.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-8135804863393610934</id><published>2012-01-11T18:02:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T18:03:33.085+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='koivu'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sammaleet ja jäkälät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tuomi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1904'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - värjäys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paatsama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värikasvit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Emäntälehti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kanerva'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kasvivärit ja luonnonvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ruostehappomarja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='omenankuori'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='leppä'/><title type='text'>Kasviaineilla värjäämisestä.</title><content type='html'>Emäntälehti 2&amp;3 / 1904&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emäntälehti 2 / 1904&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kasviaineilla värjäämisestä.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jo muinaisajoista on useissa paikoin maassamme käytetty kasveja lankojen värjäämiseen. Tämä tapa tuli kuitenkin melkein kokonaan pois käytännöstä, kun n. s. "pakettivärit" tulivat liikkeeseen. Ja kuitenkin ovat kasveista saadut värit paljo kestävämpiä ja hienompia kuin pakettivärit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monista meidän kasveistamme voidaan saada villan ja puuvillan väriainetta. Ja tällaisia kasveja on runsaasti. On vaan vähäinen vaiva niitä kootessa ja kuivatessa. Värjätä voidaan esim. seuraavilla; kasveilla: tuomi, koivu, kanerva, suomyrtti, suolaruoho ja jäkälä. Muutamista kasveista käytetään kuorta, muutamista lehtiä ja muutamista taaskin koko kasvia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ruotsin ja Norjan kankaat ovat viime aikoina saaneet paljo kiitosta kauniista, miellyttävistä väreistään. Ja nämä ovat olleet kasvivärejä. Norjan pääkaupungissa Kristiaaniassa on yhdistyksellä "Den norske Husflidsforening" suuri höyryvärjäyslaitos. Tämän johtaja neiti Hilda Christensen on itse matkustanut maaseudulla ottaakseen maalaisemänniltä selkoa värjäystävasta. Mutta tieto oli kaukaisissa metsäkylissäkin niin hämärtynyt, että oli vaan vähän muistoja siitä, miten ennen aikaan kasveilla värjättiin. Mutta näiden hämärien muistojen pohjalla on neiti Christensen sitte värjäysasiata voinut kehittää.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neiti Christensenin antamien tietojen mukaan kerromme tässä nyt muutamien lajien värjäämisestä. Neiti C. sanoo, että jokainen emäntä muutamien kuparikattiloiden avulla voipi itse värjätä kaikki langat omiksi tarpeikseen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muutamia kasveja voidaan värjäämiseen käyttää vaan tuoreena, koska niistä kuivaessa katoaa paljo väriainetta. Toisia voidaan taas käyttää sekä tuoreina että kuivattuina. Kasvit, joita tuoreina täytyy käyttää, eivät saa näivettyä, vaan ovat käytettävät virkeinä. Ne, joita tallennetaan, täytyy hyvin kuivata varjoisassa paikassa. Niitä täytyy käännellä, etteivät tulisi ruskeiksi eikä homehtuisi. Kun ne ovat oikein kuivia, pannaan ne säkkeihin ja säilytetään kuivassa paikassa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kuoret kerätään keväällä, kun mahla on puussa ja kuoret helposti irtautuvat. Aivan nuorten oksien kuori ei ole kyllin voimakasta, eikä myöskään sellainen vanha kuori, jossa on jäkälä päällä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lehdet kootaan, silloin kuin ne ovat kerinneet täyteen kokoonsa, mutta ovat vielä nuoria ja meheviä - noin jälkeen  Juhannuksen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jäkäliä voipi koota läpi vuoden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Värjäämiseen sopii parhaiten kuparikattila. Joskus erityisissä tapauksissa voipi rautapataa käyttää. Väri ei tule yhtä puhdas ja kirkas, kun se keitetään rautapadassa ja muutamat kasvit muuttavat kokonaan rautapadassa värinsä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kuivatut kasvit hakataan tai murennellaan pieniin murusiin, pannaaan likoamaan ja keitetään niin, että niissä on tarpeeksi vettä. Sitte siivilöidään vesi ja värjättävä lanka pannaan siihen. Mutta on pidettävä huoli siitä, että lanka ennen sitä on  puhtaaksi pesty ja "peitattu".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Peittaaminen" tapahtuu siten, että lanka keitetään &amp;frac12; tuntia alunaseoksessa, jossa on 150 gr. alunaa 30 à 40 litrassa vettä yhtä lankakiloa kohti. Muutamat värit tarvitsevat toisellaisen "peittauksen", muutamat eivät tarvitse minkäänlaista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaikki esimerkit ovat lasketut à 1 kg.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Omenankuori.&lt;/strong&gt; Kuori sisältää voimakasta punakeltasta väriainetta ja sitä voi käyttää sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna. 1 kg kuorta keitetään 1-2 tuntia ja alunassa kiehutettu lanka kiehutetaan sitte valmistetussa vedessä &amp;frac12;-1 tuntia. Silloin saadaan kaunista keItasta. Myöhemmin saadaan samasta keitoksesta vaaleampia värejä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paatsama&lt;/strong&gt; (Rhamnus frangula). Kuoren täytyy kuivaa vuosi ennenkuin sitä voi käyttää. Mutta sitte siitä saa kaunista pronssinruskeata, joka kauvemmin keittäessä muuttuu ruskeaksi. Kuori keitetään 2-3 tuntia ja siivilöidään.  Lankaa ei "peitata", mutta alunaa pannaan sama määrä kuin "peitatessa" värjäysveteen silloin kuin lanka sinne lasketaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Harmaa leppä&lt;/strong&gt; (Alnus incana). Kuori kelpaa sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna ja keitetään 3 à 4 tuntia, siivilöidään ja "peitattu" lanka keitetään siinä &amp;frac12;-1 tuntia. Keltaisen harmaata. Jos panee 10-15 gr. rautavihtrilliä&lt;br /&gt;tulee väri harmaampaa, melkein mustaa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuomenkuori&lt;/strong&gt; on samalla tavalla käytettävä kuin leppäkin. Väri punertavan harmaata. Jollei rautavihtrilliä panna, niin saadaan sameata vaaleanpunasta. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Koivunkuoresta&lt;/strong&gt; saapi keltaisen harmaata väriä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kanerva&lt;/strong&gt; (Caluna vulgaris). Kun kasviin ilmestyy uusia oksia, leikataan ne ja kuivataan tahi käytetään tuoreena. Oksia voi ottaa kukkimiseen asti. - 3 kg kanervaa keitetään 3-4 tuntia. Peitattu lanka keitetään väriaineessa &amp;frac14;-2 tuntia, sen mukaan, miten tummaksi väri tahdotaan. Voimakas keltainen väri. Jos uudelleen keittää ja antaa aina langan välillä kuivaa, saapi kaunista pronssinkeltaista väriä. Jos kanerva keitetään rautaisessa padassa, saadaan vaaleata öljymarjanviheriää väriä. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jatketaan.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emäntälehti 3 / 1904&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kasviaineilla värjäämisestä.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jatkoa edell. numeroon).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suomyrtti&lt;/strong&gt; (Myrica gale). Juhannuksen aikaan kootaan tämän kasvin uudet oksat. Käytetään sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna. — 2-3 kg. suomyrttiä keitetään 2 tuntia; alunassa peitattu lanka saapi tässä vedessä keitettynä puolen tunnin perästä keltaisen värin, joka tummenee kauemmin keitettäessä. Jos sekaan pannaan vähän rautavihtrilliä tulee väri harmaan viheriää.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;color:red;"&gt;[RUOSTEHAPPOMARJA]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Karkiainen&lt;/strong&gt; (Berberis vulgaris). Tuoreet uudet oksat kootaan kukkimisen edellä ja käytetään heti. Keitetään yksi tunti. Alunassa peitattu lanka saapi tässä liemessä kauniin vaaleankeltaisen värin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sianpuola&lt;/strong&gt; (Arctostaphylos Uva ursi). Koko kasvi voidaan käyttää, siksi kunnes siihen tulee marjoja. Kasvi keitetään tuoreena. Alunassa peitattu lanka saapi tässä väriaineessa samean keltaisen viheriän värin. Jos veteen pannaan rautavihtrilliä tulee väri harmaata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Koiranputki&lt;/strong&gt; (Anthriscus silvestris). Kasvin varret ja lehdet kootaan aina kukkimisaikaan asti. Käytetään sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna. 5 kg keitetään 1 tunti ja siivilöityym veteen pannaan tavallinen määrä alunaa ja peittaamaton lanka keitetään siinä puoli tai 1 tunti. Saadaan kaunista sitroonan keltaista väriä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Korte&lt;/strong&gt; (Equisetum silvaticum, E. arvensis, E. pratensis). Tämän kasvin kaikki kolme lajia voidaan käyttää. Koko kasvi otetaan kun se on täydellisesti kehittynyt ja raittiin viheriä. Kasvi kuivataan. 3 kg keitetään 2-3 tuntia. Alunassa peitattu lanka, joka keitetään siivilöidyssä väriaineessa &amp;frac12;-1 tunti, saapi punertavan värin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lieko&lt;/strong&gt; (Lycopodium alpinum). Kasvi kootaan keväällä ja kuivataan. Kasvi saa olla vedessä 3-4 päivää,&lt;br /&gt;sitte vesi siivilöidään, peittaamaton lanka pannaan siihen; lanka saa olla siinä jälleen 3-4 päivää ja keitetään kerran päivässä. Kaunista harmaankeltaista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vesiheinä&lt;/strong&gt; (Stellaria media). Tämä kasvi voidaan käyttää sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna liekokasvin sijasta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suolaheinä&lt;/strong&gt; (Rumex acetosa). Kasvi käytetään ennen kukkimista. Rautapata täytetään suolaheinällä, joka saa sitte kiehua tunnin. Siivilöidyssä vedessä saapi peittaamaton lanka sitte kiehua tunnin ajan. Harmaanviheriätä. Kun se sitte vielä värjätään bresiljalastulla, saapi lanka lujan mustan värin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;color:red;"&gt;[HANHENTATAR]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keiholehti&lt;/strong&gt; (Pilört) (Polygonum persicaria). Tuoreet lehdet poimitaan 3:sta kilosta tätä kasvia, pannaan kerroksittain kuparikattilaan alunassa peitatun langan kanssa, keitetään tunti ja saapi jäähtyä kattilassa. Voimakas messingin keltainen väri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Koivunlehdet.&lt;/strong&gt; Voidaan käyttää sekä tuoreena että kuivattuna. 2-4 kg kiehutetaan 1-2 tuntia.  Alunassa peitattu lanka pannaan siivilöityyn veteen. Saadaan vaaleampia ja tummempia keltaisia värejä. Kun lanka on alunassa peitattu, keitetään se puoli tuntia puhtaassa vedessä, johon on pantu 2-15 gr oliumia. Tätä ainetta saa apteekista ja on se indigon ja rikkihapon sekoitusta. Kun lanka on sinistä keitetään se keltaisessa koivunlehdistä valmistetussa väriaineessa 1-2 tuntia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lepän lehdet&lt;/strong&gt; kootaan ja käytetään tuoreena. Keltaisen viheriää.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Katajan marjat&lt;/strong&gt; (Juniparus communis). Marjat käytetään tuoreena tahi kuivattuina. 6 litraa marjoja keitetään ensin 2 tuntia, sitte keitetään ne yhdessä peitatun langan kanssa, kunnes marjat ovat hyvin kiehuneita. Marjat siivilöidään pois ja väriaineeseen sekoitetaan 65 gr espanjan viheriää. Lanka keitetään uudelleen tässä &amp;frac14; tuntia.  eittaamiseen tässä tarvitaan 70 gr viinikiveä, 125 gr alunaa, 70 kuparivihtrilliä ja 50 gr salmiakkia. Olivinruskea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ahomatara&lt;/strong&gt; (Galium borcale). Juuret kootaan ennen kukkimista, puhdistetaan ja kuivataan. Juuret leikellään hienoiksi ja keitetään yhdessä langan kanssa, joka on alunassa peitattu. Kaunista punasta. Saadakseen värin tummemmaksi, täytyy olla sama määrä juuria kuin lankaakin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kivisammalta&lt;/strong&gt; (Parmelia saxatilis) pannaan vuorottain langan kanssa pataan tai kattilaan, sitte paljo vettä, niin että on yltä vedessä. Keitetään 4-6 tuntia ja saapi sitte jäähtyä. Kun useamman kerran kiehutetaan, tulee väri hyvin tumma. Kuparikattilassa keltaisenruskeata, rautapadassa punaisenruskeata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poronjäkälää&lt;/strong&gt; (Cladonia rangiferina). 2 kg jäkälää keitetään 1-2 tuntia. Alunassa peitattu lanka kiehutetaan siivilöidyssä vedessä &amp;frac12;-1 tunti. Harmaankeltaista. Jos pannaan 50 gr rautavihtrilliä ja 50 gr potaskaa niin saadaan harmaata, joka on kuihtuneiden lehtien näköistä. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kuusennaavaa&lt;/strong&gt; (Usnea barbata plicata). 1 kg naavaa keitetään, alunassa peitattu lanka kiehutetaan siivilöidyssä vedessä 1-2 tuntia. Keltaista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Langat tulee värjäämisen jälkeen pestä suopa- tai saippuavedellä ja kuivaa varjoisassa paikassa. Ja ennen värjäämistä tulee lankojen olla hyvin pestyjä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kasveilla värjääminen sopii varsinkin maaseudulla ja pienemmissä kaupungeissa, joissa väriaineita voi helposti koota. &lt;br /&gt;Tällaisella värjäämisellä säästetään monet menot. - Tosin muutamat kasvivärit muuttuvat auringossa, mutta pestessä ne kyllä säilyvät.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kasveilla värjäämisen edut: Halpuus ja kestävyys, kauneus ja hienous. Kasvivärit ovat kaikki myrkyttömiä ja ne useinkin vaan lujentavat lankoja, joita tavalliset pakettivärit useinkin heikontavat.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-8135804863393610934?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/8135804863393610934/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=8135804863393610934' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8135804863393610934'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8135804863393610934'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/kasviaineilla-varjaamisesta.html' title='Kasviaineilla värjäämisestä.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6858764991395266517</id><published>2012-01-11T17:57:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:57:42.633+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1891'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - pigmentit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='itsevalaisevat väriaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Luminous Paints.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 12 / 1891&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Orange Luminous Paint,&lt;/strong&gt; 46 parts varnish are mixed with 17.5 parts prepared barium sulphate, 1 part prepared India yellow, 1.5 parts prepared madder lake, and 38 parts luminous calcium sulphate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Yellow Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt;, 48 parts varnish are mixed with 10 parts of prepared barium sulphate, 8 parts barium chromate, and 34 parts luminous calcium sulphate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Green Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt;, 48 parts varnish are mixed with 10 parts prepared barium sulphate, 8 parts chromium oxide green, and 34 parts luminous calcium sulphide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Blue Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt; is prepared from 42 parts varnish, 10.2 parts prepared barium sulphate, 6.4 parts ultramarine blue, 5.4 parts cobalt blue, and 46 parts luminous calcium sulphide. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Violet  Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt; is made from 42 parts varnish, 10.2 parts prepared barium sulphate, 2.8 parts ultramarine violet, 9 parts cobaltous arsenate, and 36 parts luminous calcium sulphide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Gray Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt;, 45 parts of the varnish are mixed with 6 parts prepared barium sulphate, 6 parts prepared calcium carbonate, 0.5 part ultramarine blue, 6.5 parts gray zinc sulphide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Yellowish Brown Luminous Paint&lt;/strong&gt; is obtained from 48 parts varnish, 10 parts precipitated barium sulphate, 8 parts orpiment, and 34 parts luminous calcium sulphide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Luminous Colors for Artists'&lt;/strong&gt; use are prepared by using pure East India poppy oil, in the same quantity, instead of varnish, and taking particular pains to grind the materials as fine as possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Luminous Oil-Color Paints&lt;/strong&gt;, equal quantities of pure linseed are used in place of the varnish. The linseed oil must be cold-pressed and thickened by heat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All the above luminous paints can be used in the manufacture of colored papers, etc., if the varnish is altogether omitted, and the dry mixtures are ground to a paste with water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The luminous paints can also be used as wax colors for painting on glass and similar objects, by adding, instead of the varnish, 10 per cent more of Japanese wax and one-fourth the quantity of the latter of olive oil. The wax colors prepared in this way may also be used for painting upon porcelain, and are then carefully burned without access of air. Paintings of this kind can also be treated with waterglass.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6858764991395266517?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6858764991395266517/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6858764991395266517' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6858764991395266517'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6858764991395266517'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/luminous-paints.html' title='Luminous Paints.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6288435589846612518</id><published>2012-01-11T17:55:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:55:22.538+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gutenberg (lehti)'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värioppi ja väriteoriat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='painotekniikat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värien sekoittaminen t. valmistaminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Scheibler'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ruotsinkieliset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1893'/><title type='text'>Om färgerna (del 1 &amp; 2).</title><content type='html'>(Del 1) Gutenberg 2-3, 1.5.1893&lt;br /&gt;(Del 2) Gutenberg 4-5, 1.6.1893&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Efter H Scheibler.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Färgtryck med boktryckpressar var tidigt kändt. Redan 1499 säges en tysk vid namn Mair hafva levererat i färger tryckta träsnitt. På senaste tid har färgtrycket blifvit allt mer och mer användt. Dertill bidrager isynnerhet de storartade förbättringar snällpressens färgverk undergått och de till mindre färgtryck väl lämpade digeltryckpressarna.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Då färgtryck nu ganska allmänt användes i accidensarbeten, är det af stor vikt för såväl sättare som tryckare att ega kännedom om de olika färgernas behandling och egenskaper samt de allmännaste regler för färgharmoni.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a) Färgernas indelning.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Färgerna indelas i 3 klasser: prima-, sekunda- och tertiafärger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primafärger (vanligtvis kallade grundfärger) äro rödt, gult och blått.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sekundafärger, som bestå af en blandning af två grundfärger, äro orange, grönt och violet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tertiafärger, som äro sammansatta af 3 prima eller 2 sekundafärger äro citronfärg, rödbrunt och grått.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primafärgerna äro rena, naturliga färger och kunna icke framställas genom blandning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sekundafärgerna äro också rena, men bestå af följande blandningar:&lt;br /&gt;rödt + gult - orange&lt;br /&gt;gult + blått - grönt&lt;br /&gt;rödt + blått - violet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tertiafärgerna äro icke rena. De bestå af följande blandningar:&lt;br /&gt;orange + grönt - citronfärg&lt;br /&gt;orange + violet - rödbrunt&lt;br /&gt;grönt + violet - grått&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b) Harmonierande färger.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Harmonierande färger kallas de, som ömsesidigt förhöja hvarandras glans och kraft. Ställes två sådana färger bredvid hvarandra, ser man att de reflektera strålar af sina komplementsfärger. Sålunda reflekterar t. ex. rödt gröna och grönt rödaktiga strålar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Såsom hufvudregel kan man uppställa, att grundfärgerna alltid harmoniera med sina sekundafärger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Komplementsfärger harmoniera med hvarandra, dock något hårdt ss. rödt och blågrönt, violet och gröngult.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alla färger, som äro nära beslägtade med hvarandra, harmoniera.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I frågan om färgernas harmonierande sammanställning råder bland olika författare mycket delade meningar. I allmänhet antages dock, att följande sammanställningar äro harmoniska:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Orange&lt;/em&gt;, när den är ljus, värkar utmärkt tillsammans med ultramarin; är den däremot mörk, går värkan fullständigt förlorad. Med grönt värkar mörk orange bra; äfven violet är af god effekt i denna förbindelse, isynnerhet när grönt tillagges.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mönja&lt;/em&gt; harmonierar med ljusblått och gulgrönt, i nödfall äfven med gult. Däremot värkar det skrikande med blågrönt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Guldgult&lt;/em&gt; värkar utmärkt med ultramarin; den harmonierar äfven med violet och purpurrödt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Guld&lt;/em&gt; (metallisk guld-brons) värkar utomordentligt med ultramarin, mörkrödt, mörkgrönt och ljusblått; för öfrigt harmonierar det med nästan alla andra färger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Kanariegult&lt;/em&gt; passar bäst med violet, isynnerhet med dess mörka schatteringar, men också med purpur- och karminrödt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gräsgrönt&lt;/em&gt; tar sig bäst ut med violet och purpurviolet. Det är äfven af stor värkan tillsammans med blått.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I allmänhet värka sammanställningar af två färger mindre tillfredsställande än sammanställningar af tre färger. Den mest effektfulla sammanställning af tre färger är &lt;em&gt;rödt, gult&lt;/em&gt; och &lt;em&gt;blått&lt;/em&gt;, isynnerhet guld, ultramarin och zinnober. Vid användning af guld i stället för gult böra färgerna vara något kraftigare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mörkrödt, grönt&lt;/em&gt; och &lt;em&gt;gult&lt;/em&gt; utgöra en utmärkt kombination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Orange, grönt&lt;/em&gt; och &lt;em&gt;purpurviolet&lt;/em&gt; är också användbart. Till hvar och en af dessa sammanställningar kan fogas svart, guld eller silfver.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hvitt&lt;/em&gt; värkar gynsamt vid sidan af ljusa, men icke vid mörka färger; skrikande är det vid sidan af rödt. Gult fordrar, när det användes bredvid svart, ljusa färger i sin närhet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Svart&lt;/em&gt; tillsammans med mörkgrönt, blått och violet bör icke användas. Däremot värkar svart utmärkt mellan två ljusa färger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Grått&lt;/em&gt; värkar mycket trefligt med rödt, orange, gult; grönt och blått. En storartad effekt frambringar grått i förbindelse med mönja, orange och skarlakansrödt. En grå botten är att föredraga framför en hvit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Det är af största vikt för en harmonisk värkan att man, om möjligt, använder flere nyanser af en och samma färg.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I ett och samma arbete bör man använda endast få hufvudfärger och behandla de öfriga som bifärger; dessa böra intaga en obetydlig plats. Använder man t. ex. blått-orange, så bör blå vara den förherskande; i annat fall värkar denna förbindelse hårdt. Användes gult vid sidan af violet, så bör violet intaga den större platsen.  Komplementsfärger, som stå bredvid hvarandra, och som äro ungefär lika starka, böra åtskiljas med kraftiga svarta, guldbroncerade eller andra konturer. Af stor vikt är det äfven att alltid begagna "varma" och "kalla" färger bredvid hvarandra; ty dessa höja hvarandras glans. Med varma färger menas de, i hvilka rödt och gult är förherskande. Är blått det dominerande i en färg, inträder köldens karaktär.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Smaklösa färgkombinationer bero endera på, att färgerna äro hårda och skrikande eller på, att den ena färgen inverkar på den andra. Sådana kontraster förekomma t. ex. vid sammanställning af mönja och karmosin, blått och violet o. s. v. Sättes rödt bredvid orange, så förefaller denna färg gulaktig, då däremot den röda färgen visar sig blåaktig. Violet synes blåaktigt vid sidan af rödt, medan den röda färgen förefaller gul. Orange synes rödaktig, när det står vid sidan af gult, medan denna sistnämnda färg får ett grönt utseende. När grönt och gult stå tillsamman får den första färgen ett blått och den sistnämnda ett orangefärgadt utseende. Violet emot blått blir rödaktigt och blått grönaktigt. Gult emot blått blir rödaktigt och blått synes violet. Rödt emot blått blir gulaktigt och blått grönt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sådana disharmonier kunna lätt undvikas, om man sätter grått emellan dem, t. ex. gult-grått-blått. Därvid erhålla färgerna sitt ursprungliga utseende.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sättas en ljus och en mörk nyance af samma färg bredvid hvarandra, blir den ljusa ljusare och den mörkamörkare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Forts.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Gutenberg 4-5, 1.6.1893]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Om färgerna. (Forts.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;c) Färgernas varaktighet.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vid valet af färger är det af största vikt att veta om färgerna äro varaktiga eller icke. Det finnes färger, som redan dagen efter tryckningen förändra utseende och sädana som icke det minsta tåla solljus. Kagra af de vackraste färgerna äro tyvärr de minst hållbara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gula och blåa färger hålla sig i allmänhet bättre än röda. Af de sistnämnda är det egentligen blott zinnober som är varaktig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I allmänhet anses följande färger vara hållbara: kadmiumgult, kromgult, zinnober, kinesiskt rödt, venetianskt rödt, zinkhvitt, ultramarin, miloriblått, pariserblått, koboltblått, umbra och jakaranda brunt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De färger, som icke tåla solljus äro: geraniumlack, karmoisinlack, skarlakanlack, gult lack, purpurlack, turkiskt blått, indigo, berlinerblått, patentzinnober och rosenfärger. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Följande färger motstå ljuset, men lida af fukt och oren luft: mönja, kromrödt, orangerödt, mineralgult och grönt lack.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vid valet af röda färger bör man isynnerhet vara försigtig; ty de äro de dyraste och derför mest utsatta för förfalskning. Äro färgerna blandade med anilin böra de icke användas till tryckning af arbeten, som äro utsatta för&lt;br /&gt;dagsljuset.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Svart färg till arbeten, som en längre tid blifva utsatta för solljuset, böra blandas med litet kinesiskt tusch, emedan färgen eljes blir gulaktig och blek. Tuschen håller sig nemligen i solljus och bevarar färgens styrka.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6288435589846612518?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6288435589846612518/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6288435589846612518' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6288435589846612518'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6288435589846612518'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/om-fargerna-del-1-2.html' title='Om färgerna (del 1 &amp; 2).'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-8676668893602289763</id><published>2012-01-11T17:52:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:52:39.800+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Living Age'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chambers&apos; Journal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1874'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='suojaväri t. suojamaalaus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='eläimet'/><title type='text'>Colour in Animals.</title><content type='html'>The Living Age  1569, 4.7.1874&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From Chambers' Journal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The variety of colouring in animal life is one of the marvels of nature, only now beginning to be studied scientifically. It is vain to say that an animal is beautiful, either in symmetry or diversity of colour, in order to please the human eye. Fishes in the depths of the Indian seas, where no human eye can see them, possess the most gorgeous tints. One thing is remarkable: birds, fishes, and insects alone possess the metallic colouring; whilst plants and zoophytes are without reflectig shades. The mollusca take a middle path with their hue of mother-of-pearl. What is the reason of these arrangements in the animal kindgom? Its is a question which cannot be satisfactorily answered; but some observations have been made which throw light on the subject. One is, that among animals, the part oft he body turned towards the earth is always paler than that which is uppermost. The action of light is here apparent. Fishes which live on the side, as the sole and turbot, have the left side, which answers to the back, of a dark tint; whilst the other side is white. It may be noticed that birds which fly, as it were, bathed in light do not offer the strong contrast of tone between the upper and lower side. Beetles, wasps, and flies have the metallic colouring of blue and green, possess rings equally dark all round the body; and the wings of many butterflies are as beautifully feathered below as above.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, mollusca which live in an alsmot closed shell, like the oyster, are nearly colourless; the larv&amp;aelig; of insects found in the ground or in wood have the same whiteness, as well as all intestinal worms shut up in obscurity. Some insects whose life is spent in darkness keep this appearance all their lives; such as the curous little beetles inhabiting the inaccessible crevasses of snowy mountains, in whose depths they are hidden. They seem to fly from light as from death, and are only found at certain seasons, when they crawl on the floowing of the cases like larv&amp;aelig;, without etes, which would be useless in the retreats where they usually dwell.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This relation between colouring and light is very evident in the beings which inhabit the earth and the air; those are the most brilliant which are exposed to the sun; those of the tropics are brighter than in the regions around the North Pole, and the diurnal species than the nocturnal; but the same law does not apparently belong to the inhabitants of the sea, which are of a richer shade where the light is more tempered. The most dazzling corals are those which hang under the natural cornices of the rocks and on the sides of submarine grottoes; while some kinds of fish which are found on the shores as well as in depths requiring the drag-net, have a bright red purple in the latter regions, and an insignificant yellow brown in the former. Those who bring up gold-fish know well that to have them finely coloured, they must place them in a shaded vase, where aquatic plants hide them from the extreme solar heat. Under a hot July sun they lose their beauty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The causes to which animal colouring is due are very various. Some living substances have it in themselves, owing to molecular arrangement, but usually this is not the case; the liveliest colours are not bound up with the tissues. Sometimes they arise from a phenomenon like that by which the soap-bubble shews its prismatic hues; sometimes there is a special matter called pigment which is united with the organic substance. Such is the brilliant paint, carmine, which is the pigment of the cochineal insect, and the red colour of blood, which may be collected in crystals, separate from the other particles to which it is united.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even the powder not unknown to ladies of fashion is one of Nature's beautifying means. That which is left on the hands of the ruthless boy when he has caught a butterfly, is a common instance; but there are birds, such as the large white cockatoo, which leave a white powder on the hands. An African traveller speaks of his astonishment on a rainy day too see his hands reddened by the moist plumage of a bird he has just killed. The most ordinary way, however, in which the pigment is found is when it exists in the depths of the tissues, reduced to a very fine particles, best seen under the microscope. When scattered, they scarcely influence the shade; but when close together, they are very perceptible. This explains the colour of the negro: under the very delicate layer of skin which is raised by a slight burn there may be seen abundance of brown pigment in the black man. It is wuite superficial, for the skin differs only from that of the European in tone; it wants the exquisite transparency of fair races. Among these, the colour which impress the eye do not come from a flat surface, but from the different depths of layers in the flesh. Hence the variety of rose and lily tints according as the blood circulates more or less freely; hence the blue veins, which give a false apprearance, because the blood is red; but the skin thus dyes the feep tones which lie beneath it; tattooing with Indian ink is blue, blue eyes owe their shade to the brown pigment which lines the other side of the iris, and the muscles seen under the skin produce the bluish tone well known to painters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The chemical nature of pigment is luttle known; the sun evidently favours its development in red patches. Age takes it away from the hair when it turns white, the colouring-matter giving place to very small air-bubbles. The brilliant white of feathers is due to the air which fills tem. Age, and domestic habits exchanged for a wild state, alter the appearance of many birds and animals; in some species the feathers and fur grow white every year before falling off and being renewed; as in the ermine, in spring the fur which is so valued assumes a yellow hue, and after a few months, becomes white before winter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It would, however, be an error to suppose that all the exquisite metallic shades which diaper the feathers of birds and the wings of butterflues arise from pigments; it was a dream of the alchemists to try to extract them. Their sole cause is the play of light, fugitive as the sparkles of the diamond. When the beautiful feathers on the breast of a humming-bird are examined under the microscope, it is astonishing to see none of the shades the mystery of which you would penetrate. They are simply made of a dark-brown opaque substance not unlike those of a black duck. There is, however, a remarkable arrangement; the barb of the feather, instead of being a fringed stem, offers a series of small squares of horny substance placed point to point. These plates, of infinitesimal size, are extremely thin, brown, and, to all appearance, exactly alike, whatever may be the reflection they give. The brilliant large feathers of the peacock are the same; the plates are only at a greater distance, and of less brightness. They have been described as so many little mirrors, but that comparison is not correct, for then they would only give back light without colouring it. Neither do they act by decomposing the rays which pass through them, for then tehy would not lose their iris tints under the microscope. It is to metals alone that the metallic plumage of the humming-birds can be compared; the effects of the plates in a feather are like tempered steel or crystallized bismuth. Certain specimens emit colours very variable under different angles, the same scarlet feather becoming, when turned to ninety degrees, a beautiful emerald green.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same process which nature has followed in the humming-bird is also found in the wing of the butterfly. It is covered with microscopic scales, which play the part of the feather, arranged like the tiles of a house, and taking to the most elegant forms. They also lose their colour under magnifying power, and the quality of redlection shews that the phenomena are the same as in feathers. There is, however, a difference in the extent of the chromatic scale. Whilst the humming-bird partakes in its colours off the whole of the spectrum from the violet to the red, passing through green, those of the butterflies prefer the more refrangible ones from green to violet, passing through blue. The admirable lilac shade of the &lt;em&gt;Morpho menelas&lt;/em&gt; and the &lt;em&gt;Morpho cypris&lt;/em&gt; is well known, and the wings of these butterflies have been used by the jewellers, carefully laid under a thin plate of mica, and made into ornaments. A bright green is not uncommon, but the metallic red is rare, excepting in a beautiful butterfly of Madagascar, closely allied to one found in India and Ceylon. The latter has wings of a velvet black with brilliant green spots; in the former, these give place to a mark of fiery red.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is the same difference between the metallic hues of creatures endowed with flight and the iris shades of fishes, that there is between crystallized bismuth and the soft reflections of the changing opal. To have an idea of the richness of the fish, it is only necessary to see a net landed filled with shad or other bright fish. It is one immense opal, with the same transparency of shade seen through the scales, which afford the only means of imitating pearls. It is due, however, not to the scales, but to extremely thin layers lying below the scales under the skin and round the bloodvessels, which look like so many threads of silver running through the flesh. Réaumur first noticed and described them; sometimes their form is as regular as that of a crystal, and of infinitesimal size and thickness. The art of the makers of false pearls is to collect these plates in a mass from the fish, and make a paste of them with the addition of glue, which is pompously named "Eastern Essence." This is put inside glass beads, and gives them the native whiteness of pearls.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many observations have been made lately by our naturalists as to the defence which colour supplies to animals: hares, rabbits, stags, and goats possess the most favourable shade for concealing them in the depths of the forest or in the fields. It is well known that when the Volunteer corps were enrolled, and the most suitable colour for the riflemen wasdiscussed, it was supposed to be green. Soldiers dressed in different shades were placed in woods and plains, to try which offered the best concealment. Contrary to expectation, that which escaped the eyes of the enemy was not green, but the fawn colour of the doe. Among hunting quadrupeds, such as the tigerm the leopard, the jaguar, the panther, there is a shade of skin which man has always been anxious to use. The old Egyptian tombs have painting of the negroes of Sudan, their loins girt with the fine yellow skins for which there is still a great sale. All the birds which prey upon the smaller tribes, and fishes like the shark, are clothed in dead colours, so as to be the least seen by their victims. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is an animal which, for two thousand years, has excited the curiosity and superstition of man by its change of colour - that is, the chameleon. No reasonable observation was ever made upon it, until Perrault instituted some experiments in the seventeenth century. He observed that the animal became pale at night, and took a deeper colour when in the sun, or when it was teased; whilst the idea that it took its colour from surrounding objects was simply fabulous. He wrapped it in different kinds of cloth, and once only did it become paler when in white. Its colours were very limited, varying from gray to green and greenish brown. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Little more than this is known in the present day: under our skies it soon loses its intensity of colour. Beneath the African sun, its livery is inscessantly changing; sometimes a row of large patches appears on the sides, or the skin is spotted like a trout, the spots turning to the size of a pin's head. At other times, the figures are light on a brown ground, which a moment before were brown on a light ground,  and these last during the day. A naturalist speaks of two chameleons which were tied together on a boat in the Nile, with sufficient length of string to run about, and so always submissive to the same influences of light, &amp;c. They offered a contrast of colour, though to a certain degree alike; but when they slept under the straw chair which they chose for their domicile, they were exactly of the same shade during the hours of rest - a fine sea-green that never changed. The skin rested, as did the brain, so that it seemed probable that central activity, thought, will, or whatever name is given, has some effect in the change of colour. The probability is that as they become pale, the pigment does not leave the skin, but that it is collected in spheres too small to affect our retina, which will be impressed by the same quantity of pigment when more extended.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is undoubtedly the nerves which connect the brain with organs where the pigment is retained. By cutting a nerve, the colouring-matter is paralyzed in that portion of the skin through which the nerve passes, just as a muscle is isolated by the section of its nerve. If this operation be performed on a turbot when in a dark state, and thrown into a sandy bottom, the whole body grows paler, excepting the part which cannot receive cerebral influence. The nerves have, in general, a very simple and regular distribution: if two or three of these are cut in the body of the fish, a black transversal band following the course of the nerve will be seen; whilst, if the nerve which animates the head is thus treated, the turbot growing pler on hte sand, keeps a kind of black mask, which has a very curious effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These marks will remain for many weeks, and what may be called paralysis of colour has been remarked in consequence of illness or accident. Such was seen in the head of a large turbot, the body being of a different colour. It was watched, and died after a few days, evidently of some injury which it had received. The subject offers a field of imemnse inquiry: the chemical and physical stury of pigments, the conditions which regulate their appearance, their intensity, and variations under certain influences; the want of them in albinos, and the exaggerated development in other forms of disease. To Mr. Darwin, in England, and to M. Ponchet, in France, the subject is indebted for much research, which will no doubt be continued an occasion offers.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-8676668893602289763?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/8676668893602289763/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=8676668893602289763' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8676668893602289763'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8676668893602289763'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/colour-in-animals.html' title='Colour in Animals.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-5506428940865880423</id><published>2012-01-11T17:50:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:50:33.977+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värinkesto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1877'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tervavärit t. aniliinivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Coloring Photographs with Anilin colors</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 7 / 1877&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is well known that at present anilin colors are being extensively employed for tinting photographs, and likewise in paintings and water-color drawings. The attention of artists ought to be called to the well-known instrability of these beautiful tints, and artists who desire the permanency of their work should avoid employing them.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-5506428940865880423?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/5506428940865880423/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=5506428940865880423' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5506428940865880423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5506428940865880423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/coloring-photographs-with-anilin-colors.html' title='Coloring Photographs with Anilin colors'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-152369703561679447</id><published>2012-01-11T17:49:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:49:05.623+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sisustus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tapetit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1877'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>On the Selection of Wall Papers.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 7 / 1877&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some people think that if their walls are covered with paper hangings of a showy design, the object of a wall decoration has been attained, and that they have but to select some bright pattern, hightened by a touch or two of gold to prove their taste. It is true many will admire a room so papered, and wonder where the hangings were obtained; and there are those too, who, going to the other extreme, will be amazed that any one could content themselves with it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That color is essential to our happiness, man in every stage, from the lowest in the scale to the most cultivated, acknowledges. It matters not how degenerate he may be, how far removed from every trace of civilization, of one thing we may be certain - the visage of the savage, wherever found, will be daubed with colors, and his bark canoe and murderous club will be incised with red and yellow ochres. A higher civilization finds expression in a more thorough appreciation of colors, and the examples left us by the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Pompeiians bear witness to their love of an skill in the decorative arts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When wall paper first appeared, it was a great advance on the only custom then in vogue - that of decorating with the painter's brush, or covering the walls with tapestry. Both of these methods of decorating were beyond the reach of all but the wealthy; and when it was found that house paper, although loaded down with a burdensome tax, could be produced at a cost not much below that of painting, it at once came into favor, and has continued to be populat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While we recognize the good wall paper has done, we are not unmindful of its shortcomings, or what it yet has to accomplish.That the manufacturers are not wholly to blame we admit; the public, hungry for display, demand the greatest amount of show for the least money, which has led to bringing out designs intended to catch the eye rather than to appeal to our sense of propriety and the fitness of things.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No man can give rules for selecting house paper, or aid one in that work, if he be not present when the selection is made and has no knowledge of the room in which it is to be hung. To do this successfully, he must know the size of the room, its aspect, its use, and what the paper is to be brought in contact with in the way of carpets, furniture, and pictures. Lacking this information, he cannot say whether the room should have a bright and gay paper, or one plain and subdued. If the ceiling be low, it might require a design calculated to give it apparent hight; or if the ceilings are already too high, something to reduce the apparent hight would be needed. Through a lack of windows, or from being on the shady side of the house, it may be dull and unattractive without some fresh and spirited design on the walls: or, basking in the sunshine, it may need subdued colors to balance and counteract an excess of light. One pattern looks best in the roll; another appears to be better advantage on the walls. A bright bouquet may strike one as pleasant, but repetition of a set pattern makes a wall look blotchy. Figures in the round are not to be tolerated; but some of the flat designs are good, though not all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We caution all who have this matter at heart, to study it carefully, and not rely too much on their own judgment until they have strengthened it by experience. A woman studies the dress of every other woman, and sees through and through every detail of her intricate make-up. With her it is intuitive, nothing escapes her scrutiny, and even a casual glance enables her to describe dress with an accuracy that attests her skill in unravelling such enigmas. The same amount of attention to the subject under consideration would enable her to make judicious selections when the time came to re-paper her walls and re-furnish her rooms.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-152369703561679447?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/152369703561679447/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=152369703561679447' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/152369703561679447'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/152369703561679447'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/on-selection-of-wall-papers.html' title='On the Selection of Wall Papers.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-9115302582945949811</id><published>2012-01-11T17:47:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:47:03.472+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1901'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Suomen Käsityön Ystäwät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ruotsinkieliset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hufvudstadsbladet'/><title type='text'>Finska handarbetets vänner samnantr. i måndags till årsmöte</title><content type='html'>Hufvudstadsbladet 118, 3.5.1901&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finska handarbetets vänner samnantr. i måndags till årsmöte, hvarvid ordet leddes af artisten V. Blomstedt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I den upplästa årsberättelsen säges att föreningen till en början användt endast äkta finska mönster, men sedermera, sedan dessa vunnit allmän spridning, begynt använda också friare mönster. Den första åtgärden i denna riktning togs genom deltagande i Pariser världsutställningen, vid hvilken föreningenhade god framgång, såsom synes däraf att  föreningen erhöll guldmedalj, och däraf att at utställningsföremålen en stor del försåldes i Köpenhamn såväl till enskilda som till konstmuseer. Gobelinväggbonaden såldes till Antellska samlingarna.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under året har föreningen föranstaltat undervisning i konstväfnad. Undervisningen har varit fri, d. v. s. för arbetena har ingen bestämd serie varit föreskrifven, utan har hvarje elev fått deltaga i undervisningen så länge han velat och utföra de väfnader han önskat. För att få denna undervisning mera systematiskt ordnad, erfordrades dock större medel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;För att kunna åstadkomma sådana färger, som brukas at folket, bar föreningen träffat aftal med en person, som är kunnig i färgning med växtfärger, och hoppas föreningen i framtiden kunna återuppväcka den gamla konsten attffärga med vackra och hållbara färger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Föreningens hittils varande lokal har varit för mörk, men detta missförhållande blir afiägsnadt, då butiken den 1 juni flyttar till sitt nya kvarter i hörnet af Unionsgatan och Salutorget.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under året har föreningen föranstaltat täflingar. Den första ägde rum i september och gälde mönster till mörkt tyg. Fem ritningar inlämnades. De belönades med sammanlagdt 100 mk. Den andra var på våren och gälde skrifmatta, matsals bordduk och dörrdraperi. 40 personer lämnade tiltsammans 60 ritningar. Äfven nu utdelades alla pris, tillsammans 350 mk. För inköp af ritningarnar utgifvits 350 mk. Föreningenhar bekostat tryckningen i 3,500 exx. af en 8 färglagdablad  innehållande mönsterbok, at hvilka tidningen Koti- ja Yhteiskunta prenumererat på 3,000 exx. Föreningen har fortfarande åtnjutit ett statsunderstöd af 3,000 mk. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enligt revisionsberättelsen har föreningen under året haft följande inkomster: behållning från föregående år fmk 703:68, statsunderstöd fmk 3,000, medlemsafgifter fmk 715, af syarbeten fmk 12,619: 16, af väfnadsarbeten fmk 5,448: 15, af metallarbeten fmk 246:95, af trä- och nätverarbeten fmk 171:26, af material fmk 13,043:42, at publikationer m.m. fmk 1,564:97, från ombuden i landsorten fmk 643:51, telefonafgifter fmk 5:45, summa fmk 38,337: 50. Utgifterna hafva varit: för material fmk 14.663:82, arbetslöner tmk 3,924:40, löner fmk 7,559:85, inventarier fmk 125, hyra, värme, belysning och försäkring fmk 2,878:85, öfriga utgifter fmk 3087:65, kassakreditiv skuld fmk  behållning fmk 1,047: 93.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;På förslag af revisorerna, fru E. Rönnholm och professsor A. O. Kihlman, beviljades bestyrelsen ansvarsfrihet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Genom lottning bestämdes att från bestyreisen skulle afgå fröknarna Stråhlman och Sahlst n, hvilka återvaldes,  hvarjämte i st. f. doktor Th. Schvindt, som afgick, valdes fru H. Bergbom. Till revisorer återvaldes de förra.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-9115302582945949811?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/9115302582945949811/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=9115302582945949811' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/9115302582945949811'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/9115302582945949811'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/finska-handarbetets-vanner-samnantr-i.html' title='Finska handarbetets vänner samnantr. i måndags till årsmöte'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4820471600648164062</id><published>2012-01-11T17:39:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:39:58.059+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hofmann'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Scientific American'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1866'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eusebe'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Unverdorben'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1860-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tervavärit t. aniliinivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Colors from Coal Tar.</title><content type='html'>Scientific American 12, 17.3.1866&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aniline, or coal tar colors, have now been extended in number , so that all the colors of the rainbow, and all the shades, can be obtained from coal tar. Aniline was discovered by Unverdorben in 1826, who procured it by the destructive distillation of indigo. It is now obtained in small quantities directly from the destructive distillation of coal, as in gas-works, but is generally manufactured from the lighter coal tar naphtha.  When the naphtha is rectified, the portion which distils over at a temperature of 180&amp;deg; Fah. is benzole, and this substance was discovered by Faraday in 1825. By the action of strong nitric acid, the benzole is converted into nitri-benzole, and this latter, when agitated with water, acetic acid, and iron filings, becomes aniline. By the action of oxidizing agents, such as chloride of lime,bichromate of potash, chrloride of mercury, etc., the aniline, which is colorless by itself, can be transformed into all shades of violet, mauve, magenta etc. By the researches of Hofmann, the number and beauty of the aniline colors have been increased. While numberless shades of reds and purples can be obtained, there is a splendid green, called verdine, discovered by Eusebe, and which remains true, pure green even by candle or gaslight; a blue which is as clear as opal, a good yellow and a fair black. In short, dyes of all hues can be obtained from aniline, which in its turn, is procured from the coal tar. The intensity of these aniline colors may be indicated by the fact that one grain of magenta in a million of water gives a good red; one grain in ten millions of water exhibits a rose pink; one grain in twenty million communicates a blush to the water; and one grain in fifty million tinges the water with a reddish glow. The powerful tinctorial virtues of these dyes may be learned from a circumstance which occured during the passage of the &lt;em&gt;Great Eastern&lt;/em&gt; between Liverpool and New York, when the sea was observed to exhibit a crimson hue for some distance around the vessel, and when it was afterwards discovered that the bloody sea owed its color to a wave having stove in a plate of the &lt;em&gt;Great Eastern&lt;/em&gt;, and thus the water got access to certain vessels which contained magenta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Mining Journal.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4820471600648164062?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4820471600648164062/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4820471600648164062' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4820471600648164062'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4820471600648164062'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/colors-from-coal-tar.html' title='Colors from Coal Tar.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-7512189841072952331</id><published>2012-01-11T17:37:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T17:37:01.711+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1881'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='metallivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Coating Cotton Thread With Silk</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 1 / 1881&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A company has been formed in Paris to work an invention for coating threat with silk. The invention embraces, according to the &lt;em&gt;Bulletin des Soies&lt;/em&gt;, a chemical process for covering linen or other vegetable threads with a mesh of silken matter in a way similar to that in which metallic objects are plated with gold or silver. The process isdependent on forming a solution of the silk in zincic chloride, or other solvent, and passing through the solution the thread to be coated, which has previously been mordanted ain a bath, so that the silk is precipitated upon it. The practibility of the process from a commercial standpoint, we think is questionable.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-7512189841072952331?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/7512189841072952331/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=7512189841072952331' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7512189841072952331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7512189841072952331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/coating-cotton-thread-with-silk.html' title='Coating Cotton Thread With Silk'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3045761290585033212</id><published>2012-01-03T18:53:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T18:53:11.985+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='punainen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1908'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aatteet ja liikkeet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Jokamiehen ja joka naisen viikkolehti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liput ja viirit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><title type='text'>Punainen lippu.</title><content type='html'>Jokamiehen ja joka naisen viikkolehti 29, 25.7.1908&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sosialismin ja anarkismin punainen lippu oli alkujaan lain ja järjestyksen merkkikuva. Lokakuun 24 p:nä 1789 säädettiin Ranskassa, että epäjärjestyksen, metelin taikka kapinan sattuessa oli tätä lippua kannettava kansalliskaartin edessä varottamassa rauhanhäiritsijöitä tulossa olevasta virallisesta sekaantumisesta. Tähän tarkotukseen käytettiin lippua vain kerta, Marskentällä heinäk. 17 p. 1791 mellakasssa, jonka oli aiheuttanut jakobinien anomus kuninkaan viralta panemisesta. "Alas punainen lippu!" oli se huuto jolla nykyaikaisen anarkin esitaistelijat täta lippua tervehtivät. Sinä päivänä punainen lippu kastettiin verellä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kesäkuun 1 p:nä 1832 esiintyi punainen lippu kuvaavalla tavalla kenraali Lamarquen hautajaisissa. Punaisella vyöllä ja punaisella lipulla varustetun ratsumiehen ilmaantuminen oli merkkinä  siihen meteliin, jossa punainen lippu ensikerran liehui tasavaltalaisten katusululla. Mustan mellakkalipun miehet eivät kuitenkaan kokonaan väistyneet punaisen lipua tieltä ennenkun vuoden 1848 vallankumouksessa.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3045761290585033212?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3045761290585033212/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3045761290585033212' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3045761290585033212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3045761290585033212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/punainen-lippu.html' title='Punainen lippu.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-7212951686157236909</id><published>2012-01-03T18:50:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T18:50:23.660+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1908'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Jokamiehen ja joka naisen viikkolehti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='peseminen'/><title type='text'>Neuvoja: Värillisten silkkisukkien pesu</title><content type='html'>Jokamiehen ja joka naisen viikkolehti 29, 25.7.1908&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Värilliset silkkisukat pestään haaleassa vedessä, johon on sekoitettu etikkaa. Suopaa käytetään. Pesun jälkeen ne tarkalleen huuhdotaan. Kun ne ovat puolikuivat, venytetään ne ja senjälkeen silitetään lämpimällä raudalla kuiviksi.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-7212951686157236909?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/7212951686157236909/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=7212951686157236909' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7212951686157236909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7212951686157236909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/neuvoja-varillisten-silkkisukkien-pesu.html' title='Neuvoja: Värillisten silkkisukkien pesu'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-595393954848244507</id><published>2012-01-03T18:44:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T18:44:00.134+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1960-l'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - hiusvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1965'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1960-l'/><title type='text'>Clairol-hiusvärimainos</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/clairol-1965.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-595393954848244507?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/595393954848244507/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=595393954848244507' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/595393954848244507'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/595393954848244507'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/clairol-hiusvarimainos.html' title='Clairol-hiusvärimainos'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4104456185074584423</id><published>2012-01-03T18:39:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T18:39:31.997+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - valkaisu'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='luun ja kiven yms. värjäys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1869'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1860-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Bleaching Ivory.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 10 / 1869&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following process for bleaching the ivory plates of piano-forte keys is recommended by Professor Artus. Lay the ivory plates in a flat vessel containnig a solution of carbonate of soda. For each pound of ivory take two thirds of a pound of crystals of carbonate of soda, and two pounds of soft water. This solution is left in contact with the ivory for two days and two nights and is then poured off, after which the ivory is well rinsed with pure water. The dissolve three quarters of a pound of sulphite of soda in two pounds of soft water, and immerse the ivory in the solution. After it has lain for from five to six hours, add gradually one ounce of muriatic acidmixed wuth four ounces of water, and keep stirring the liquid during the addition; cover the vessel well, and let it again remain for thirty-six hours, after which the liquid may be poured off. The plates must then be rinsed with water, and dried in the air. If not sufficiently bleached, repeat the operation a second or even a hird time. In adding the muriatic acid, care must be taken not to inhale the sulphurous gas which is liberated from the sulphite of soda.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4104456185074584423?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4104456185074584423/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4104456185074584423' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4104456185074584423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4104456185074584423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/bleaching-ivory.html' title='Bleaching Ivory.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-754444940122596961</id><published>2012-01-03T18:36:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T18:36:14.233+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kromivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1869'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1860-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Chrome Alum.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 10 / 1869&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chrome alum is a residue left during the manufacture of violet and green aniline and of valerianic acid. No market exists for this substance in its raw state, as it can not be used as a mordant, the calcination it has undergone having rendered it insiluble in water. Mr. Jean, in a recent communication to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, proposes the following mode of treating this substance: Pulverize the chrom iron; mix it with charcoal; heat it to a red heat in a refractory crucible. When sulphurous acid gas is no longer disengaged, the first part of the operation is completed. The residue left after calcination is formed of a mixture of sulphate of potash and of sesqui-oxide of chromium. By boiling it in water, the sulphate of potash dissolves, leaving the insoluble chrome salt behind. The green color of the sesqui-oxide of chromium obtained in this manner is too dirty to allow it to be used as a paint or pigment, but on account of its great purity it is an excellent material for the manufacture of bichromate of potash. Its employment for this purpose will tend to diminish the cost of producing the aniline colors, to which it owes its origin.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-754444940122596961?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/754444940122596961/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=754444940122596961' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/754444940122596961'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/754444940122596961'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/chrome-alum.html' title='Chrome Alum.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4253145854195809679</id><published>2012-01-02T19:24:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-02T19:24:19.261+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kasvivärit ja luonnonvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1909'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kurssit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Alina Hellén'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Suomen Käsityön Ystäwät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värjääminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kaikuja Kajaanista'/><title type='text'>Kotiwärjäyskurssit.</title><content type='html'>Kaikuja Kajaanista 55, 15.5.1909&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Äskettäin alkoiwat Sortawalan Kutomiskoululla Suomen Käsityön Ystäwien toimeenpanemat kotiwärjäyskurssit. Oppilaita on saapunut 18, joista 9 kutomaloulun oppilaita ja 9 koulun ulkopuolella olewia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun kurssien johtajatar rouwa Hellen oli lausunut oppilaat terwetulleiksi, puhui toinen opettajatar, neiti Wullin, näiden kurssien tarkoituksesta seuraawasti : &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Niinkuin ehkä kaikki tiedätte, owat Suomen Käsityön Ystäwät to[i]meenpanneet nämä wärjäyskurssit uudelleen eloon herättäätseen tätä jo puoliwuosisataa unohduksessa ollutta taitoa, kaswiaineella wärjäämistä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun Sortawalan Kutoma- ja Käsityökoulun johtokunta, asiaan innostuneena on pyytänyt näitä kursseja, on Käsityön Ystäwät lähettäneet meidät tänne opettamaan Teitä kaswiaineella wärjäämään.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meidän maamme on rikas juuri näistä aineista. Kun katsomme ympärillemme kesällä, kulkiessamme pelloilla, niityillä ja metsissä, niin kaikkialla näemme kaswia. Niityillä ja pelloilla näemme kukkia. Metsissä naawaa, käpyjä, lehtiä, liekoja eli keltoja, kanerwia,  kiwisammalta ja lukemuttomia muita kaswia, jotka kelpaawat wäriaineiksi. Jopa järwellä soudellessamme näemme wesikasweja, jotka sisältäwät wäriaineita niinkuin esim. lewä. Kaikkia näitä woisimme kerätä wähällä waiwalla ja ilman suuria kustannuksia, ja sillä samalla edistää kotiteollisuutta maassamme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaswiaineilla wärjätyillä wäreillä on paljon ominaisia etuja. Ne eiwät sisällä myrkkyä, niinkuin useammat aniliini-wärit. Ne owat wärinsä pitäwämpiä, kauniimpia, pehmeämpiä, maukkaampia ja sopusointuisempia, kuin mitkään kemialllsilla wäriaineilla wärjätyt wärit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaswiaineilla wärjättyjen wärien sopusointuisuuden huomaa siinä, jos asettaa eriwäriwimahduksia wierekkäin. Ne sopimat yhteen, eiwät häiritse toisiaan eiwättä loukkaa silmää eikä makuaistiamme. Näitä wäriä on paljon helpompi asettaa kudoksiin  niiden sopusointuisuuden tähden. Jota wastoin kemiallisilla wäriaineilla wärjätyitä räikeitä, koreita ja silmään pistäwiä wäriä on useinkin miltei mahdoton saada yhteen sowitetutsi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun meidän kotimaiset kaswiaineemme sisältäwät enimmäkseen useampaa eri wäriwiwahdusta (paitsi suomatara, jonka juuret  sisältäwät woimakasta krappi-punasta), täytyy meidän myös käyttää ulkomaalaisia kasweja. Yleisemmät käytetyt owat: indigo, krappi, wernpuffi ja prisilja. Koschenillia käytetään myöskin, waikka se oikeastaan ole kaswiaine. Se on eräs hyönteinen,  joka elää  kaktuskasweilla. Ulkolaisien kaswiaineiden joukossa on myös keltaisia wärejä, niinkuin gurkmeija ja keltalastu, joita aniharwoin käytetään kun meidän kotimaiset kaswimme sisältäwät niin runsaasti keltaista wäriä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toiwon, että te innolla seuraatte opetusta ja sitte taas woimienne mukaan koetatte lewittää tätä tärkeätä taitoa kotiseuduillanne, ettei se jäisi unhotukseen." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun opettajar sitten oli näyttänyt eri pusseihin lajiteltuja kolimaisia kaswiaineita kuten lepän, koiwun, omenapuun, paatsaman ja tuomen kuoria, koiwun ja lepän lehtiä, kanerwia, suokanerwia, sianpuolanwarsia, koiranputkia, wiholaisia, keltaheiniä eli liekoja sekä ulkomaalaisista p[g]urkmeijaa, indigoa, keltapuuta, krappia, prisiliaa,  santelia, wernpuffia, wäriomenaa ja koschenilliä, alkoi wärjäystyö.  Oppilaita on wiisi kussakin ryhmässä, joka sai pitää huolta omasta wärikattilastaan. Kaikki oppilaat saawat kirjoittaa muistikirjaansa kaikki kursseissa wärjätyt wärit ja saawat niistä mallilangat. Tarkoitus on siten saada toistasataa eri wäriwiwahdusta. —&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;R.-Karj.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4253145854195809679?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4253145854195809679/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4253145854195809679' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4253145854195809679'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4253145854195809679'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/kotiwarjayskurssit.html' title='Kotiwärjäyskurssit.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4287381628896337774</id><published>2012-01-02T19:19:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-02T19:19:15.312+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hinnastot ja taksat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maaliaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1873'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Latest Market Report of Building Materials. (Osa hintalistasta: Paints. Varnishes.)</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 12 / 1873&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York Wholesale Prices.&lt;br /&gt;Articles marked with a star (*) are quoted in gold.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[---]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paints.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Barytes, American No. 1, per ton ............ $ 35 00 a 40 00&lt;br /&gt;*Carnome, American, per lb ............ $ 6 50 a - -&lt;br /&gt;Chalk, black, per ton  ............ $ - - a 2 30&lt;br /&gt;China clay ............ $ 26 00 a 28 00&lt;br /&gt;Chrome yellow, dry, per pounds ............ $ . 12&amp;frac; a - 28&lt;br /&gt;Lead, red American, per barrel ............ $ - 9  - a 9&amp;frac14;&lt;br /&gt;Lead, white American, pure, in oil ............ $ - - a - 11&amp;frac12;&lt;br /&gt;Lead, white American, pure, dry  ............ $ - 10&amp;frac12; a - -&lt;br /&gt;Lead, white English, pure, in oil  ............ $ - 11 4/4 a - 12&amp;frac;&lt;br /&gt;Litharge  ............ $ - 9 a - 9&amp;frac14;&lt;br /&gt;* Ochre, lr. Fr., dry, per 100 lbs  ............ $ 1 75 a 1 85&lt;br /&gt;Ochre, ground, in oil, per lb  ............ $ - 6 a - 15&lt;br /&gt;Ochre, Vermont, per 100lbs  ............ $ - 75 a 1 00&lt;br /&gt;*Orange Mineral, English  ............ $  - - a - 11 3/4&lt;br /&gt;Paris White, American, per 100 lbs  ............ $ - - a - -&lt;br /&gt;Paris White, English, prime ............ $ - 2 a - 2&amp;frac14;&lt;br /&gt;Plumbago paint, patent, per lb  ............ $ - - a - 25&lt;br /&gt;Putty, per lb ............ $ - 2 3/4 a - 3&amp;frac14;&lt;br /&gt;Spanish Brown, dry, per 100 lbs  ............ $  1 6&amp;frac13; a 1 12&amp;frac12;&lt;br /&gt;Spanish Brown, ground in oil, per lb ............ $ - 8 a - ?&lt;br /&gt;Venetian red, per cwt ............ $ - 2&amp;frac14; a 2?&lt;br /&gt;*Vermillion, Chinese, per lb ............ $ 1 30 a 1 35&lt;br /&gt;*Vermillion, tes't ............ $  1 25 a 1 30&lt;br /&gt;*Vermillion, quicksilver, English  ............ $ 1 17&amp;frac12; a 1 25&lt;br /&gt;Vermillion, American, Common  ............ $ - 18&amp;frac12; a - 19&lt;br /&gt;Whiting ............ $ - 80 a - 95&lt;br /&gt;Zinc, white American, dry, No. 1  ............ $  - 8 a - 8&amp;frac12;&lt;br /&gt;Zinc, white American, No.1, in oil ............ $ - 11 a - 12&lt;br /&gt;*Zinc, white French, dry, (Red Seal) ............ $ - 8 7/8 a 9&amp;frac12;&lt;br /&gt;Zinc, white French, in oil  ............ $ - 10&amp;frac12; a - 11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Varnishes - per gallon.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imitation English  ............ $ 4 50 a ? 90&lt;br /&gt;Wearing Body  ............ $ 3 50 a ? 50&lt;br /&gt;White Copal  ............ $  3 00 a 3 50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[---]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4287381628896337774?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4287381628896337774/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4287381628896337774' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4287381628896337774'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4287381628896337774'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/latest-market-report-of-building.html' title='Latest Market Report of Building Materials. (Osa hintalistasta: Paints. Varnishes.)'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-5905858624720964544</id><published>2012-01-02T19:13:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-02T19:13:40.481+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tuliväri t. maali'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1873'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Cheap Water and Fire-Proof Paint for Roofs</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 12 / 1873&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Water and fire, good servants as they are, as long as under out control, are the most terrible masters when entering our dwellings against our will. The way they usually enter is by the roofs, and therefore it is of the first importance to make these water and and fireproof. Builders who make repairs a specialty will confess that leaky roofs are the best friends of their trade, causing an amount of damage which surpasses many millions of dollars yearly. In regard to fire, every one knows that the losses by it are yearly counted by hundreds of millions; and there is no doubt but that in consideration of the late calamities of this kind in different localities, everybody is anxious for protection against that most dreadful foe. Those living in houses with wooden shingle roofs should especially be careful, and apply any protection which may be offered by the inventive genius of the present day, especially when that protection is cheap and easily applied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Such is the case with the slate roofing paint, manufactured by the New York Slate Roofing Company, of No. 6 Cedar street, New York city, which costs only two and a half cents per square foot applied , and even much less for those who buy the paint (80 cents per gallon) and apply it themselves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Among the cheap roofs are the tar, asphaltum, or so-called gravel roofs, but they have the great disadvantage of making the rain-water collected from them useless by giving it a bad smell or taste, and by containing so much of the combustible asphaltum, tar, etc., they especially feed the flames in case of fire. Slate roofs are among the safest in the latter respect; but unfortunately they are, notwithstanding being very expensive, not always to be relied upon in regard to their water-proof qualities. Even when the slates overlap one another for three thichnesses, water will sometimes enter through the nail-holes and leakage not be entirely prevented, not withstanding the precaution of modern architects to place tarred felting between the boarding and slate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shingle roofs are among the most water-right at first, but they soon decay, and the great objection to their use is the combustibility of their material, causing them to be prohibited in many large cities. When such roofs, however, even if very old, are covered with the slate paint, they are free from the defects of leakage and combustibility. They are covered then in fact by a solidified slate, and if the water from the first showers falling on a thus freshly-painted roof is turned off from the cistern, that of successive rains may be coolected and found good in all respects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Slate being not only non-combustible, but fire-proof, a thick coating of this substance will form a perfect protection against fire, and the so very combustible and therefore highly dangerous shingle roof becomes equivatent to the fire-proof slate roof when covered with a sufficient coating of the liquid slate paint, which has a very heavy body, but is easily applied notwithstanding. It is evident that for this reason it cements decayed, cracked, warped, or loosened shingles together, fills up all holes, and stops all leaks, and is as water-proof as solid slate itself, one coat of this paint being as thick as half a dozen coats of oil paint.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For tin roofs it is unsurpassed, as it never peels off, expanding and contracting as it does by heat or cold equal with the tin it covers. When first applied it is of a darker color than after a month's time, when it turns to a uniform, pleasing slate color, becoming in the course of time identical with slate, and the coating of the roof equivalent to a single slab of slate, impervious to water and fire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a proof of the appreciation of the good qualities of this material, we will state that more than half a million property owners in the United States have applied this material to the roofs of their houses, barns, etc.; while its use is extending daily more and more, as parties who purchase a few gallons as a sample for trial, afterward order it by the barrel. The works where this so highly usedul paint is prepared - established three years ago - are growing continually in extent, and manufacture now over one thousand barrels weekly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We give here a view of one of the two establishments of this concern, employing 400 hands, besides powerful steam machinery; while for a few other important particulars, which we will not repeat here, the reader is referred to page 219 of our late October number, also our advertising columns.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-5905858624720964544?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/5905858624720964544/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=5905858624720964544' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5905858624720964544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5905858624720964544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2012/01/cheap-water-and-fire-proof-paint-for.html' title='Cheap Water and Fire-Proof Paint for Roofs'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6745652462425982511</id><published>2011-12-28T23:16:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T23:16:32.641+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1909'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kateku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Suupohjan Kaiku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - värjäys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><title type='text'>Kalanpyydystysten wärittäminen katekuwäriaineella.</title><content type='html'>Suupohjan Kaiku 50, 8.5.1909&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Paikkakunnittain käytetään eri wärittämistapoja kalanpyydysten wärjäyksessä ja moni wäri on niin myrkyllistä, että polttaa rihman pienen ajan kuluessa piloille. Siksi on katekuwäriaineella wärjäys päässyt suurempaan käytäntöön kalastuslaiwa Nautiluksella  ja on osottautunut hywäksi ja suositeltawaksi hailin-, siian-, kampelan-, ahwenan-, särjen y. m. werkkojen wärittämissä, mutta woidaan saman järjestelmän mukaan wärittää myös rysiä, mertoja, nuottia y.m.s. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kun aijotaan wärittää uusia, aiwan käyttämättömiä werkkoja tahi muuta rihmaa, täytyy suorittaa pienempi eritoimitus ennen wärittämistä. Käyttämätön rihma sisältää niin paljon raswaaineita, ettei sellaisenaan woi tunkeutua rihman läpi warsinkaan sen solmussa ollessa. Sen tähden täytyy werkot (tahi rihmat) ensin liottaa kiehuwassa wedessä, joka liottaa ja poistaa osan näistä raswa-aineista ja saattaa rihmat katekuun waikutukselle alttiimmiksi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tätä warten pannaan werkot löisinä, eikä suinkaan tiukkaan sullottuina astiaan ja kiehuwa wesi kadetaan niiden päälle niin että se hywin peittää werkot. Astia peitetään ja annetaan weden siinä jähtyä. Sen jälteen nostetaan rihmat wedestä, wäännetään ja lewitetään kuiwamaan. Wasta tämän jälkeen ryhdytään wärittämään niitä. On siis huomattawa, ettei werkkoja, joita ennen on wäritetty, udeelleen wärittäessä tarwitse wedessä liottaa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10 werkko- tai rihmakiloa kohti käytetään 1 kilo katekuwäriä, 50 grammaa sinikiweä (kupariwihtrilliä) sekä jos werkot owat uusia, puoli kiloa bresiljaa. Wärittämiseen käytetään niin paljon wettä, kun tarwitaan werkkojen täydelliseen peittämiseen wäritysastiassa, kun ne siihen löysinä lasketaan. Kateku ja bresilja pannaan kumpikin oman, harwasta  kankaasta walmistettuun pussiin ja nämä ripustetaan pataan wäritykseen  käytettäwään weteen puikoilla tai kepeillä, kuitenkin niin, etteiwät pussit satu padan pohjaan, sillä  wäriaine liukenee alaspäin. Kupariwihtrilli sekotetaan weteen sellaisenaan; sitä käytetään tumman wärin aikaan saamiseksi wäritettäwiin rihmoihin. Kun wäritysaineet owat hywin  lionneet ja liuos on kiehunut noin puoli tuntia, kaadetaan se kuumana rihmo jen päälle, jotka löysinä owat lasketut wäritysastiaan (mieluummin puiseen). Liuosta tulee olla niin runsaasti, että se täydellisesti peittää wäritettäwät rihmat. Astia peitetään ja werkkojen annetaan hautua siinä siksi kun ne owat jäähtyneet, johon woi kulua 24 tuntia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sen jälkeen nostetaan rihmat liuoksesta ja liian liuoksen annetaan walua takaisin wäriastiaan, sillä ylijäänyt wäriaine woidaan aiwan hywin käyttää wanhojen werkkojen wärittämiseen lisäämättä siihen katekua. Kun liika liuos jotakuinkin hywin on walunut rihmoista, lewitetään ne kuiwamaan. Rihmat eiwät saa pitkää aikaa olla käyttämättöminä,  sillä silloin polttaa wäriaine ne hauraiksi ja kelpaamattomiksi. Viimeistään 2 päiwän kuluttua owat rihmat laskettawat weteen likoamaan ja liottuaan wähintään wuorokauden owat ne walmiit käytettäwiksi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kateku wäriä saadaan Helsingistä m. m. toiminimeltä Helsingin kalanpyydysliike. omist. Fritz Schröder ja on sen hinta 1: 25 Smk. kilolta, 50 kilon astioissa ostettuna 1 mk. kilolta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toiwon että tämä wäritystapa paikkakunnilla otettaisiin täytäntöön, sillä tämä wäri pitää rihmat pehmeinä ja on hywää rihman kestäwyyteen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6745652462425982511?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6745652462425982511/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6745652462425982511' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6745652462425982511'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6745652462425982511'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/kalanpyydystysten-warittaminen.html' title='Kalanpyydystysten wärittäminen katekuwäriaineella.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2047715387604050924</id><published>2011-12-27T16:40:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:41:18.905+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='simpukka- ja muut kiillevärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maaliaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1883'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Uusi Suometar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - pigmentit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - maalaus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='itsevalaisevat väriaineet'/><title type='text'>Pimeässä loistawaa wäriainetta.</title><content type='html'>Uusi Suometar 208, 7.9.1883&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jo kauan on osattu kemiallisesti walmistaa wäriaineita, jotka pimeässä loistawat, niihin käyttämättä tuota myrkyllistä fosforia, joka, kuten tunnettu, pimeässä kyllä lewittää waloa, waan samalla myöskin myrkyllisiä höyryjä; waan näitten wäriaineitten walmistus on myöhempiin aikoihin asti tullut niin kalliiksi, että niiden käytäntö on ollut sangen rajoitettu. Hiljan on kuitenkin keksitty walmistustapoja, joitten mukaan pimeässä loistawaa wäriainetta tehdään, ja jotka wakuuttawat sille laajan käytännön, kun näet ne aineet, joista sitä nykyään tehdään, owat sangen helppohintaisia. Niin kauan kuin walmistustapa on ollut ainoastaan muutamain tehtaitten salaisuutena, niin nämät ovat ymmärtäneet ottaa tawarastaan ylettömän korkeita hintoja, jotka eiwät ole mitenkään suhteellisia raaka-aineitten helppohintaisuuteen. Koska tämmöistä wäriä jo Suomessakin kaupataan - tietysti äärettömän korkeoihin hintoihin - waan sen walmistus suinkaan ei ole niin waikeata, ett'ei siihen joku taitawa teollisuuden harjoittaja meilläkin pystyisi, niin luulemme tekewämme monellekin palweluksen sillä, että tähän otamme ohjeen sen walmistamiseen, jonka saksalainen teollisuuslehti "Wied's [?]es werbezeitung" hiljan julkaisee:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Austerisimpukan kuoria puhdistetaan lämpimässä wedessä, jonka jälkeen ne puolentoista tunnin ajaksi pannaan tuleen. Jähdytettyä ne surwotaan hienoksi jauhoksi, ja kaikki harmaat osat perataan pois. Tätä simpukankuorijauhoa sekä tulikiwijauhoa (swafelblomma) pannaan sitten kerroksittain teiliin, joka tiiwisti suljetaan kannella ja tunnin ajaksi pannaan ahjoon kuumenemaan.  Kun teili sitten on otettu pois tulesta ja jähtynyt, niin se awataan: ja sen sisässä löydetään nyt walkoista jauhoa, jonka seassa olewat karkeammat kappaleet seulalla eroitetaan pois. Näin saatua jauhoa jauhetaan sitten weteläksi maaliksi joko öljyn tahi liimaweden kanssa ja siwelletään ohkaisissa kerroksissa useampia kertoja maalattawaan esineeseen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tämmöinen wäriaine niin sanoaksemme kokoo itseensä waloa päiwän aikana, antaaksensa sitä pimeässä wähitellen taasen luotaan. Se loistaa siis sitä paremmin, kuta kirkkaammassa walossa se on ollut. Hohto on alussa sinipunerwaa, waan waalenee sitten wähitellen maidon karwaiseksi. Wasta useampia wuorokausia oltuaan pimeässä sammuu walo täydellisesti, waan uudistuu taasen niin pian kuin esine on ollut jonkun aikaa päiwän walossa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pimeässä loistawaa wäriä sopii erittäinkin käyttää semmoisiin paikkoihin, joita pimeässä on tarwis kauan hakemalla löytää. Niinpä nähdään esim. jo kaupiteltawan tulitikkurasioita, kynttilänjalkoja y. m. makuuhuoneessa tarpeellisia esineitä, jotka owat maalatut tämmöisellä wärillä joko osaksi taikka kokonaan. Myöskin se sopii hywästi nimikylttejä, portaitten käsipuita ja muita semmoisia warten. Kuuluupa sillä ulkomailla koetettaneen maalata rautatie-waunujakin sisäpuolelta, ja sillä menestyksellä, että sanotaan kynttilää polttamatta woitawan semmoisessa waunussa lukeakin. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Teollisuuslehti.)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2047715387604050924?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2047715387604050924/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2047715387604050924' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2047715387604050924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2047715387604050924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/pimeassa-loistawaa-wariainetta.html' title='Pimeässä loistawaa wäriainetta.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-7574640144803530557</id><published>2011-12-26T17:56:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-26T17:56:36.167+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - väriaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Östra Nyland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1902'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ruotsinkieliset'/><title type='text'>Mainos: Färger. Ellmén.</title><content type='html'>Östra Nyland 4,9.4.1902&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/ON_4_1902.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-7574640144803530557?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/7574640144803530557/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=7574640144803530557' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7574640144803530557'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7574640144803530557'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/mainos-farger-ellmen.html' title='Mainos: Färger. Ellmén.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6989379416111644187</id><published>2011-12-26T17:55:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-26T17:55:10.850+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Östra Nyland'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1902'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ruotsinkieliset'/><title type='text'>Finska handarbetets vänner.</title><content type='html'>Östra Nyland 4,9.4.1902&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finska bandarbetets vänner har hos senaten anhållit om behöfligt anslag för utsändande af en lämplig person till Kristiania för att därstädes undergå en kurs i växtfärgning under maj månad samt efter hemkomsten värka för spridning af kunskap och intresse på landsbygden för färgning med växtämnen, lära befolkningen att uppsamla och begagna för ändamålet, användbara växter, hvarför stipendiaten omedelbart efter hemkomsten borde företaga en resa för att taga vara på den kunskap, som ännu bland allmogen kan förefinnas i färgning med växtämnen. Senaten har beviljat föreningen ett anslag i ett för alt af 1,200 mark äfvensom ett årligt anslag i tre års tid räknadt från början af innevarande år om 2.400 mk årligen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6989379416111644187?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6989379416111644187/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6989379416111644187' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6989379416111644187'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6989379416111644187'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/finska-handarbetets-vanner.html' title='Finska handarbetets vänner.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-26320812753252112</id><published>2011-12-26T17:52:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:28:25.358+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pukeutuminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1896'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Century Magazine'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Th  Bentzon: About French Children (Osa artikkelista)</title><content type='html'>The Century Magazine 52 / 1896&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/About_French_Children_804.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I would now beg you to consider the less pronounced persons of our little boys and girls, who are required, above all else, to be &lt;em&gt;aimable&lt;/em&gt; in the sense the word has in France, where it means lovable, having nothing of the lukewarm and hollow meaning of the English word "amiable." The aim of their education differs in the two countries. In America good parents have but one thing in view - the rational development of individuality and of responsibility; while this, in the girls' case as well as in the boys', is the constant labor of parents in France - to keep their children in tutelage, to prevent them from seeing what is going on outside, and to give discipline and complete submission the first place. In fact, their children are being more specially trained for the exigenxies and the accomplishments of a social life whose machinery has been running on for centuries, while Americans are being prepared for individual struggles such as they must necessarily make in a new country. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In France every young mother, to whatever class she belongs, may say, in speaking of her baby's outfit:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;* And by the weight of all the skeins I wrought&lt;br /&gt;I kept the measure of my loving thought;&lt;br /&gt;Among the broken threads serene it ran&lt;br /&gt;And, interrupted oft, anew began&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Au poids des écheveaux usés&lt;br /&gt;J'avais mesuré ma pensée&lt;br /&gt;Sereine entre les fils brisés&lt;br /&gt;Et chaque fois recommencée.*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/About_French_Children_805b.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I know nothing more perfectly French than this little piece of humble and exquisite poetry, showing the stitches that keep a dream imprisoned so purely in snowy linen; nothing more motherly than the last wish of the careful embroidener, who bids a bird building its nest pick up bits fallen from the finished work, and mix them with its own materials, so as to keep and protect the impatient wing that is growing. That growing wing is threatened with many an embroidered and beribboned bond both in the present and in the future, yet less hedged in than in the past, since people have begun to bring uop their children more according to English notions. The swaddling-clothes are no longer as tight-fitting as a sheath; the cap which covered the bald little head, and framed it so prettily with its ruche, has been given up; the lace pillow for the lolling head to rest on  has been banished: yet, in spite of all this, the infant in the early stages of its life is a sort of bundle, very much like a bolster, from which two arms and a wrinkled little face protrude. The advantage of this system is that the child is very easy to handle; but it has its critics, who maintain that the natural condition of the spinal column is not a straight and stiff line. Paris has made many concessions, and the swaddling is less rigid; but the provinces have not followed suit, while in the country everywhere new-born infants are tied up as hard and fast as ever. In the south of France they go to the length of putting this papoose in the bottom of a basked, where it is kept in place by strong bands passed zigzag from head to foot. This is how we prepare our sons for making use of their liberty. However, leading-strings have been given up; that is one step toward progress. Twenty years ago they were still considered indispensable, - at least, country people thought so, - and there was no end to their intricacies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/About_French_Children_805a.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is quite remarkable that swaddling-cases, bands, and various other fetters are the only essentially French contributions that have ever been made to a baby's equipment. Although fashions in general have for centuries been promulgated in France, clothing every one &lt;em&gt;à la Fran&amp;ccedil;aise&lt;/em&gt;, yet the fertile imagination which could do this stopped short at children's clothes. &lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;*Padded head-protectors for infants. &lt;/span&gt;Look at the paintings and engravings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and see the little creatures who, as soon as they gave up their plumed &lt;em&gt;bourrelets&lt;/em&gt;* and long tulle aprons over a blue or pink dress, agains which a jewel hung instead of a teething-ring, had to wear uncomfortable costumes, the miniature reproductions of their parent's clothes. Little girsl, particularly, were put into whaleboned bodices and sumptuous robes, which necessitated lessons in deportment to be properly worn, and consequently the dancing-master was one of the first professors employed. It needed the revolution of simplicity brough about by the influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau before children could be comfortably clothed - girls in muslin slips and heelless shoes, boys in short jackets borrowed from English styles. Ever since then we have followed English fashions for our childredn, and now America lays down the law, with its blouses; its quilted, somewhat oldish winter coats reacing to the ankles; its pretty Puritan caps trimmed with fur, a thousand times preferable to the immense, caricature-like bonnets copied after Kate Greenaway. But I am anticipating; we are still at the swaddled infant's long cloak. In every Catholic family infants are consecrated to wear white; that is to say, placed under the protection of the Holy Virgin by a vow which does not permit the child to wear any colors but blue and white, those of the patron saint, for a fixed period, usually year or two, sometimes longer in the case of a girl. This must be some remnant of chicalrous times, of service professed by a knight for his lady when he wore her colors, for it is not, properly speaking, a religious tradition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/About_French_Children_806.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The birth of a new citizen in France at once gives rise to countless formalities, and an avalanche of legal scribblings, which would teach him, could he but understand, that his country is &lt;em&gt;par exellence&lt;/em&gt; the home of legal ceremony and administration. Within the first twenty-four hours notice of the birth must be sent to the mayor's office (there is such an office in every village in France), so that the official physician may call and make the necessary legal statement. I suppose he wants to convince himself that the declaration already made was correct, and that the family, when it announces the birth of a girl, was not trying to screen a future soldier from his compulsory service. Then the father, accompanied by two witnesses, goes to fill out the birth certificate, and give his child its legitimate, documented position, to which he or she will be obliged to have recourse in all the great, and frequently in the minor, circumstances of life, from one end of it to the other.  Without it the child could not enter a school, nor draw lots on entering the army, nor get married, nor be buried. The least mistake of form would have most serious consequences; the baptismal name declared must always be placed in the same order on all future deeds. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[...]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-26320812753252112?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/26320812753252112/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=26320812753252112' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/26320812753252112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/26320812753252112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/th-bentzon-about-french-children-osa.html' title='Th  Bentzon: About French Children (Osa artikkelista)'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2824046454632051387</id><published>2011-12-26T17:50:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-26T17:50:03.656+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wiipurin Sanomat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1889'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><title type='text'>Permantokittiä.</title><content type='html'>Wiipurin Sanomat 110, 12.5.1889&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rawistuneita permantoja woidaan helposti ja pysywäisesti kitata seoksella, joka tehdään äsken walmistetusta juustosta ja sammumattomasta kalkista. Wiittä osaa juustoa kohti otetaan yksi osa kalkkia, ja jos kitti tahdotaan wärilliseksi, niin sekoitetaan siihen okraa, punamultaa tai jotakin muuta wäriainetta. Juustokitti kowettuu kiwikowaksi eikä liukene weteen, joten permantoa siis wahingoittamatta woidaan pestä wedellä. Lattia-saumojen tiwistäminen on siitäkin syystä tarpeellinen, että täyteaineena usein käytetään multaa, joka sisältää helposti mätänewiä aineita.&lt;br /&gt;(S. T. L.)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2824046454632051387?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2824046454632051387/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2824046454632051387' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2824046454632051387'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2824046454632051387'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/permantokittia.html' title='Permantokittiä.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3902444569381212545</id><published>2011-11-18T14:53:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-01T14:54:24.558+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1909'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ilmoitukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lappeenranta'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kurssit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värjääminen'/><title type='text'>Kotiteollisuuspäiwät</title><content type='html'>Lappeenranta 53, 11.5.1909&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kotiteollisuuspäivät, jotka Lappeenrannan Naisyhdistys on  päättänyt toimeenpanna Naisten Käsityökoulun päättäjäisten ja näyttelyn yhteydessä tämän kuun 28, 29 ja 30 p:nä, lähenewät yhä, niin että lienee paikallaan niistä lähemmin mainita jollakin sanalla. Kotiteollisuuspäiwäin tarkoituksena on, hywien esitelmien kautta herättää kotiteollisuus s. o. kotona walmistetut  käsityöt entiseen arwoonsa, jotta tehtaan töitä emme käyttäisi kodissamme, sillä nykyään päästäksemme wähemmällä waiwalla, annetaan tehtaaseen ainekset langoiksi, jopa kankaiksi asti walmistettawiksi; itse kohta unohtaen mitä tarkoitusta warten sekä rukki että kangaspuut owat. Samoin owat waarassa unohtua muutkin kauniit käsityöt: pitsit, koru- ja reikäompelut, ellei ruweta palkinnoilla innostamaan niitä henkilöitä, jotka niitä wielä walmistawat ja kutowat itse kankaansa, sukkansa, lapasensa ja pitäwät siten kotona tehtyä käsityötä tehtaan työtä parempana ja kestäwämpänä. Näille K. T. päiwille kehoitamme siis kaikkia naisia laajalti Lappeenrannan ympäristöstä tuomaan näytteille kaikki nyt ja ennen kudotut kantaansa y. m. wanhat, wanhanaikaisilla malleilla kudotut, ryijynsä, täkkinsä ja loimensa, joista paraat sitten palkitaan. Rautatierahti maksetaan täällä, ja hinta on pantawa jokaiseen esineeseen, joka halutaan myydä, sillä Naisyhdistys ostaa kauneimpia malleja mallikokoelmaansa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Miehet woiwat samoin lähettää ammattinsa tuotteita, ei mitään saa wähäksi arwostella.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Samoina päiwinä t. k. 28 ja 29 pnä pannaan toimeen wärjäyskurssit, joitten luulisi houkuttelewan kaikki naiset maaseudulta silloin Lappeenrantaan oppimaan wärjäystä  kotiwäreillä s. o. sellaisilla aineksilla, joita saa kerätä omasta metsästä, oman pellon pientarelta, n. k. puolukan warsilla, sammalilla, koiwunlehdillä y. m. y. m. wähän wain käyttäen ostoainetta sekaan. Talon ja mökin emännät ja tyttäret pankaa tämä mieleenne ja saapukaa tänne t. k. 28 p. aamulla klo 9 tienoissa, jolloin wärjäys alkaa. Kurssi on maksuton ja kestää 2 päiwää.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ilmoittautua woi neiti Orkamolle Naisten Käsityökoululla ja jos tarkempia tietoja näistä asioista tahtoo; samoin näyttelyesineet, joita nyt tulee ahkerasti kerätä naapuristakin, owat hänelle lähetettäwät.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wärjäyskurssia tulee johtamaan neiti Halonen ja esitelmiä pitää kotiteollisuuden arwosta y. m. tarkastaja L. Mäkinen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kotiteolliluuspäiwien ohjelma tulee olemaan wielä tarkemmin tässä lehdessä, niin että seuratkaa tarkoin sanomalehden palstoja, mitä siellä milloinkin ilmoitetaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pyydetään, että muutkin paikkakunnan lehdet tämän ottaisiwat huomioonsa.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3902444569381212545?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3902444569381212545/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3902444569381212545' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3902444569381212545'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3902444569381212545'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/kotiteollisuuspaiwat.html' title='Kotiteollisuuspäiwät'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2289858397433501090</id><published>2011-11-18T14:52:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-01T14:53:05.004+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1909'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - maalaus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lappeenranta'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><title type='text'>Mainos: Maalausliike</title><content type='html'>Lappeenranta 53, 11.5.1909&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/LR_53_1909.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2289858397433501090?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2289858397433501090/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2289858397433501090' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2289858397433501090'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2289858397433501090'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/mainos-maalausliike.html' title='Mainos: Maalausliike'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4016677532776578657</id><published>2011-11-17T11:51:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-30T11:52:44.210+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1871'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kadmiumoranssi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kosmetiikka'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kadmiumkeltainen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kadmiumvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Cadmium Yellow</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 9 / 1871&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Of all the substances which have hitherto been used to impart a vivid, handsome yellow to toilet soaps, the sulphide of cadmium has given the best satisfaction in practise. The light of the sun and time do not alter the appearance of the soap colored with it, and only proportionally small addition of the color to the soap is needed to produce a handsome yellow. This addition is effected by rubbing the cadmium carefully to a very fine state of division with a little oil, and then adding to the soap mass while the latter is continually stirred. The color is not dissolved in the soap, but very finely divided in it. Two shades of the cadmium yellow, one of a lemon and the other of orange color, are furnished to the market, and most of it is made at the chemical factory of E. Shering, in Berlin, Prussia.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4016677532776578657?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4016677532776578657/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4016677532776578657' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4016677532776578657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4016677532776578657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/cadmium-yellow.html' title='Cadmium Yellow'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6534538226360010790</id><published>2011-11-17T11:48:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-30T11:50:07.911+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1871'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='myrkkyvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='espanjanvihreä'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='haittavaikutukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='terveys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='arsenikkivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='schweinfurtinvihreä'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kuparivihreät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kuparimaalit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Paints made of Copper: Utilizing Waste. Precautions Against Poisoning.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 9 / 1871&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When speaking of the so-called Neuwider green, it was mentioned that, by its manufacture, liquids are left which still contain free arsenious acid, acetic acid, and dissolved Schwenfürter green. In case the latter is made from blue vitriol and acetate of soda, after one of the methods described by us, then the liquids left contain sulphate of soda, which is formed by the sulphuric acid of the blue vitriol combining with the soda, while its acetic acid combines with  the copper oxide of the blue vitriol to verdigris or acetate of copper. The sulphate of soda remains then passive in the liquid, and the paint combines with only a portion of the acetic and arsenious acids. These remaining liquids being a diluted arsenious vinegar, are therefore easily utilized in the manufacture of successive greens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A remnant solution from 100 pounds verdigris may be considered as still containing two thirds of the vinegar, besides some 20 pounds of arsenious acid, and the remnant solution of acetate of soda made from 165 pounds sulphate of soda, and 40 pounds of acetic acid or acetate of soda, and used for the manufacture of Schweinfürter green, contains one third, or 20 pounds, of the acetic acid, and also 20 pounds of arsenious acid, both solutions being consequently very poisonous.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these arsenious copper paints require great care in manufatcure, on account of the arsenic used; and this is especially the case with the Neuwider and other greens, in which large quantities of this substance are manufactured. This arsenious acid may be obtained in the trade, either in lumps or in powder; in the former state, it is more sure to be free of sulteration, and therefore preferred by some. It is prepared for use by pulverization in large iron mortars. In order to protect the workman from the fatally poisonous dust, it should be pulverized under water, and afterward groud in a mill, the same precaution being observed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Personal Precautions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every workman in this branch of business should keep himself scrupulously clean. Neither the dust of the arsenic nor the green paint should be allowed to remain on his clothes. It has a tendency to adhere to the skin of the hands, and especially to stick below and around the nails; therefore the hands must not touch any more sensitive part of the body before scrupulous cleaning. They should not be kept longer in the arsenious solutions than is absolutely necessary, as otherwise the laborer is soon attacked by the arsenic disease. Unfortunately, the contact with the liquids, and the dust in sifting and packing, can not be totally avoided. The influence of the vapors developed by the boiling arsenious solutions is greatly removed by placing the boilers in well-ventilated buildings, with proper arrangements to cause the fumes to ascend rapidly out of harm's way; nut in spite of every precaution, in the course of time the laborers are bound to suffer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arsenic Disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus far no remedy has bee ndiscovered to prevent the final attact of the peculiar disease caused by the external exposure of the body to arsenic. It commences with a burning sensation between the thighs, the lower abdomen, and genitals. Suppurating ulcers appear there, and afterward the same symptons show themselves around the nostrils. As soon as this is the case, the laborer must be removed from work, when in three to four weeks the sores will heal without leaving any injurous results whatsoever; the healing power of nature drives out the injurous substances by suppuration, and therefore should not be interfered with, but as much as possible promoted. As soon as the cause of the ulcers is removed, they heal by themselves, and must not be interfered with by plasters or so-called healing salves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In case the laborers are not at once removed from the works as soon as the symptoms described show themselves, they soon grow worse, so much so that in two or three weeks they are unable to walk, when it will take several months to insure their recovery, which often becomes doubtful, especially when their systems are undermined with the habitual use of tobacco or strong drink.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For this reason, in all well-regulated factories the laborers are periodically removed from this branch of the business, as soon as the first symptom shows itself, and then no further inconvenience is experienced. After four or five weeks, they may resume the same kind of labor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The copper paints are likewise very poisonous, especially those containing the most arsenic. There are scores of instances where injurious effects resulted, not only from such paints entering the stomach, but from external contact. We will only mention one of our experiencs. Many years ago, we wore in the chemical laboratory a cap similar to so-called smoking-caps; it was internally lined with a strip of green leather, which touched hair and forehead. In a short time some very sore suppurating pimples showed themselves; the cap was suspected and abandoned, when they healed in a short time. In order to experiment, the cap was again used, when the same symptoms showed themselves. It was thus considered sure that the cap was the cause. a piece of the leather being chemically tested, showed the presence of arsenic, proving that it had been colored with one of the pigments described, (the arseniate of copper kind.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these arseniate of copper greens are used as oil and water.colors; it is, however, somewhat difficult to rub them very fine, and as oil-colors they are deficient in body and do not cover very well; in this respect they are inferior to the different kinds of chrome greens. However, they have the advantage over the latter of withstanding in a greater degree the influence of air and light; on fresh lime they can not be used, as the caustic lime withdraws the acetic acid, and a yellowish green arseniate of copper remains which has a disagreeable color. Sulphurous vapors also act injuriously, as they change the green to a brown tint.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With this paper our series of articles on the paints made of copper is concluded.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6534538226360010790?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6534538226360010790/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6534538226360010790' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6534538226360010790'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6534538226360010790'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/paints-made-of-copper-utilizing-waste.html' title='Paints made of Copper: Utilizing Waste. Precautions Against Poisoning.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6888633106959586721</id><published>2011-11-16T11:46:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T11:47:26.605+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vaaleanpunainen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Porilainen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='oranssi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='henna'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hiukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1895'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hiusvärit'/><title type='text'>Waaleanpunainen tukka</title><content type='html'>Porilainen 344, 27.9.1895&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Waaleanpunainen tukka on tätä nykyä muotissa Englannin kaunotarten keskuudessa. Saadakseen tukalleen tuon oikean wärin, josta Venetian naiset ennen owat olleet niin kuuluisat, käyttäwät he hennaa. Tätä wäriainetta on siitä syystä suurissa määrin ruwettu maahan tuomaan. Wiime wuonna käytettiin Lontoossa hennaa kaikkiaan 14,800 punnan arwosta, tämän wuoden ensi puoliskolla jo 10,989 punnan edestä.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6888633106959586721?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6888633106959586721/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6888633106959586721' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6888633106959586721'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6888633106959586721'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/waaleanpunainen-tukka.html' title='Waaleanpunainen tukka'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3075557670736580137</id><published>2011-11-15T01:43:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T01:43:45.765+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Scribners monthly'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Barff Process.</title><content type='html'>Scribners monthly 6, 1880&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The so-called "Barff process" for coating iron articles with a film of magnetic oxide, described at the time of its announcement in this department, is now carried on upon a large scale, but the objection has always been raised that, while the film prevents rust, it has a disagreeable appearance and color. Other experimenters used air instead of steam, in applying the magnetic oxide coating, and secured a better color, but at the expense of stability. By a new process, the chamber in which the iron to be coated is placed is filled with carbonic oxide, and, on introducing heated air, combustion begins, and continues till all the carboic oxide is converted into carbonic acid, when the surplus oxygen in the air attacks the iron, converting the surface first into a magnetic oxide and then into common rust. A second supply of carbonic oxide is admitted, and burned as before, but the supply of air being with-held, combustion is maintained in part by extracting oxygen from the rust, which is again converted to a magnetic oxide, which is the film desired. Repeating the operation tends to thicken the film and make it secure, and, at the same time, retain an agreeable color and surface.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3075557670736580137?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3075557670736580137/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3075557670736580137' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3075557670736580137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3075557670736580137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/barff-process.html' title='Barff Process.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3386687034015904898</id><published>2011-11-14T00:53:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T00:54:00.529+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1909'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kurssit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Suomen Käsityön Ystäwät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värjääminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Savolainen'/><title type='text'>Uutinen: Värjäyskurssi</title><content type='html'>Savolainen 48, 4.5.1909&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Värjäyskurssin toimeenpanee Suomen käsityön ystäwien lähettämä opettajatar täkäläisen Naiswäenyhdistyksen pyynnöstä t. k. 24 päiwästä alkaen Kellaripellolla, maanwiljelijä P. I. Turtiaisen talossa. Kurssiin jota kestää 2 wiikkoa, otetaan 20 naisoppilasta. Opetus on maksuton, onpa Naiswäenyhdistys warattomille osaaottajille, etupäässä kutomakoulun käyneille,  warannut 10 apurahaa, 5 markkaa kullekin. Apuraha on Naiswäenyhdistyksen johtokunnalta hetimiten haettawa (osoite: Hirwensalo). Käyttäkää siis, naiset, hywäksenne tilaisuutta, jota paikkakunnallamme ei usein tarjota. Ei työt tänä kewäänä kiirehdä niin, ettei aikaa olisi. Kotiwärjäyksellä säästää monet pennit itselleen, saapipa ansiotakin toisille walmistamalla wärjäyksiä ajoilla sellaisilla, jolloin muulta työltä joutaa. Sillä tuskin on sitä kyläkuntaa, jossa ei wärjäykseen tottunut nainen saisi wuoden warrella melkoisesti työtä, kun hän töistänsä tulee seudulla  tunnetuksi.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3386687034015904898?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3386687034015904898/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3386687034015904898' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3386687034015904898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3386687034015904898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/uutinen-varjayskurssi.html' title='Uutinen: Värjäyskurssi'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4825128107446908422</id><published>2011-11-13T23:51:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T23:52:05.527+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='asfaltti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet-muut aineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1869'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1860-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Black-Walnut Polish</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 9 / 1869&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Take asphaltum, pulverize it, place it in a jar or bottle, pour over it about twice its bulk of turpentine or benzole, put it in a warm place, and shake it from time to time. When dissolved, strain it and apply it to the wood with a cloth of stiff brush. If it should make too dark a stain, thin it with turpentine or benzole. This will dry in a few hours. If it is desired to bring out the grain still more, apply a mixture of boiled oil and turpentine; this is better than oil alone. Put no oil with the asphaltum mixture, or it will dry very slowly. When the oil is dry the wood can be polished with the following: Shellac varnish, of the usual consistency, two parts; boiled oil, one part. Shake it well before using. Apply it to the wood by putting a few drops on a cloth, and rubbing briskly on the wood for a few moments. This polish works well on old varnished furniture.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4825128107446908422?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4825128107446908422/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4825128107446908422' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4825128107446908422'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4825128107446908422'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/black-walnut-polish.html' title='Black-Walnut Polish'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6947722083304535764</id><published>2011-11-12T22:20:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T22:21:30.885+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - maalit yms'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1900-l'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Mainos: Sherwin Williams Paints And Varnishes</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/sherwin_williams.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6947722083304535764?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6947722083304535764/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6947722083304535764' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6947722083304535764'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6947722083304535764'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/mainos-sherwin-williams-paints-and.html' title='Mainos: Sherwin Williams Paints And Varnishes'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3327068288112339886</id><published>2011-11-11T22:07:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T22:08:19.295+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tapio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='myrkkyvärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1885'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><title type='text'>Uusi ihotauti</title><content type='html'>Tapio 60, 5.8.1885&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uusi ihotauti, jotenkin waarallinen ja hywin kowakipuinen, on alkanut ilmestyä Berlinissä, etenkin naisissa. Se tuntuu ensin kaulassa, josta lewiää yli kaswojen ja on hywin tulirokon näköinen. Kaswot ajettuwat pahasti ja sairasta waiwaa kowa päänkipu ja komat weren pakkautumiset aiwoihin. Jos apua pian saadaan on tauti moniaan päiwän kuluttua parannettu. Lääkärit luulewat tautia seuraukseksi myrkytyksestä, joka luultawasti on syntynyt wärillisten kaulahuiwien, nauhojen ja wärillisten pitsien käyttämisestä, joiden wärit owat olleet myrkyn sekaiset.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3327068288112339886?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3327068288112339886/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3327068288112339886' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3327068288112339886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3327068288112339886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/uusi-ihotauti.html' title='Uusi ihotauti'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4698890212407622660</id><published>2011-11-11T22:06:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T22:06:36.938+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tapio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1885'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='elintarvikevärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tervavärit t. aniliinivärit'/><title type='text'>Aneliinilla wärjättyä makkaraa.</title><content type='html'>Tapio 60, 5.8.1885&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. T. kertoo, että Turun muutamasta lihapuodista ostelussa makkarassa liha on huomattu wärjätyksi aneliinilla. Maalataan mäännyt liha, niinkuin ihmisen kaswot teaterissa, että tulisi hywän näköiseksi, huolimatta siitä että aneliini on puhdasta myrkkyä. Jälestäpäin, kuin tuo kertomus oli ollut sanomalehdessä julaistu, muuan A. Henriksson, joka on työnjohtaja hra G:n makkaratehtaassa, tunnustaa lehdelle lähetetyssä kirjoituksessa omalla uhallaan wärjänneen makkaran. Saa nähdä minkä rangaistuksen mokoman ihmisruuan laittaja saapi petoksestaan.  Meistä on wain kumma, että Turun sanomalehdet eiwät julkaise kokonaisuudessaan sen makkaratehtaan isännän nimeä, jossa moista konnuutta harjoitetaan.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4698890212407622660?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4698890212407622660/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4698890212407622660' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4698890212407622660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4698890212407622660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/aneliinilla-warjattya-makkaraa.html' title='Aneliinilla wärjättyä makkaraa.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4119602835198965436</id><published>2011-11-10T20:58:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T20:59:31.854+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Living Age'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ultramariini'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - pigmentit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Artificial Ultramarine</title><content type='html'>The Living Age 1374, 1.10.1870&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mode of manufacturing the substance for the beautiful pigment obtained by the ancients from the lapis lazuli, or azure stone, was, says the &lt;em&gt;Scientific Review&lt;/em&gt;, like many other great inventions, the result of accident. A German chemist, whilst experimenting with anhydrous discovery that an exquisite blue colour was produced. He came to the conclusion that the blue colour of the ultramarine was probably due to sulphur and sulphuric acid, and at once instituted some experiments with alumina, soda, sulphur, and sulphuric acid, and succeeded, after repeated failures, in actually imitating the precious stone. The artificial material is said to be successfully formed by evaporating 100 lbs. of solution of sulphide of sodium mixed with 25 lbs. of dry china clay and 1-2 lb. of crystals of copperas; the dry mass is then heated in a muffle to a red heat, washed, and again heated.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4119602835198965436?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4119602835198965436/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4119602835198965436' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4119602835198965436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4119602835198965436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/artificial-ultramarine.html' title='Artificial Ultramarine'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4415957206272342220</id><published>2011-11-09T18:03:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T18:04:32.994+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='elintarvikevärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1877'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Uusi Suometar'/><title type='text'>Nykyisistä kahwiwäärennyksistä</title><content type='html'>Uusi Suometar 2, 3.1.1877&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arwostellessa kahwipapujen hywyyttä, on yleisö tähän saakka pannut suuren arwon eikä ilman syytä - niiden wiheriään wäriin, mutta nykyjään ei sillä tuntomerkillä ole mitään arwoa. Luonnollisesti ei ollut kauppamiehelle mikään helpompaa, kahwilastin wärin ollessa wähemmän tyydyttäwää, kuin keksiä wäri-ainetta, jolla woi niin paljon kuin mahdollista mukailla raakojen kahwipapujen wiheriää wäriä. Pahaksi onneksi walitsi kekseliäisyys siihen tarkoitukseen wärin, jossa on kuparia, ja sen awulla on suuremmissa merikaupungeissa tosiaankin laitettu oikeita tehtaita kahwin wärjäystä warten, samoin kuin jo kau'an on tehty eri tee-lajien kanssa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jos tahtoo johonkin määrin olla wakuutettu kahwipapujen puhtaudesta, on parasta puhdistaa ne ja huuhtoa kuumalla wedellä, sitten kuiwataan ne ennenkuin poltetaan. Semmoisella menettelyllä, joka, huolimatta mukana olewasta wieraasta wäri-aineesta, jo puhtaudenkin puolesta on tärkeä, ei kahwipawut kadota mitään arwostansa, sillä tärkeimmät ja tehokkaimmat aineet kahwissa muodostuwat wasta polttaessa. Jos papujen peseminen laiminlyödään, niin yhtywät mahdollisesti seassa olewat wieraat wäri-aineet täydellisesti polttaessa, jotka epäilemättä sitte myöhemmin paitsi kahwin huonoa makua, waikuttawat turmiollisesti ruumiisen.  Koetellakseen jos papujen pesuwedessä on kuparia ei tarwitse muuta kuin tehdä se happamaksi ja pistää siihen muutamaksi minuutiksi kirkas rautainen tai teräksinen weitsen-kärki. Jos wedessä on kuparia, niin on weitsen-terä ylösotettaissa peitetty hienolla, punaisella kalwolla, joka ei ole mitään muuta kuin metallista kuparia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poltettuna ja jauhettuna ostetussa kahwissa on useasti sellaista, jota jo kerran on käytetty saman juoman walmistamiseen ja sitten luiwattu, siihen lisäksi sikuria. Ilman wiimeksimainittua sekoitusta, näyttää sellaisen kahwin liottamiseksi käytetty wesi warsin wähän ruskealta, lisäksi sekoitetun kahwin wuoksi, jonka tähden sellainen petos on helposti huomattu. Ei tarwitse muuta kuin antaa kylmää wettä juosta semmoisen jauhetun  kahwin läpi, niin saadaan ruskeata welliä, jota wastaan puhdas, jauhettu kahwi ei anna ruskeata lientä kylmällä wedellä. Wäriä saadaan waan lisäämällä sekaan sikuria tai muuta sellaista. Jos jauhetussa kahwissa taas on sellaista, jota jo kerran on käytetty, ei noita helposti murennettuja kappaleita woi tuntea muusta kuin niiden heikommasta ma'usta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mutta kuinkas on niinkutsutun "homoiopatisen kahwin" ja sen wääristelemisten laita? Sen kysymyksen tekewät wälttämättömästi ne,  jotka enemmän tai wähemmän perustetuista syistä nauttiwat mainittua kahwia terweydeksensä. Siihen wastaa kirjoittaja: kaikki nuo teokset eiwät woi waatia "kahwin" kunnianimeä, sillä oikeata kahwia ei niissä ole rahtuakaan. Eikä niissä ylipäänsä ole mitään parantawaa tai terweellistä waikutustakaan, sillä yksinkertainen tutkiminen osoittaa, ett'ei ne usiasti ole muuta kuin poltettuja rukiita; joskus löytääkin niistä yksityisiä polttamattomia rukiinjywäsiä. Sellainen kahwin-walmistus on kuitenkin sangen edullista. Toppa sellaista kahwia maksaa esim. 15 penniä, eli 1 sentneri noin 45 markkaa, mutta nykyjään maksaa 1 sentneri rukiita 9-11 markkaan. Waikka laskettaisi walmistus-kustannukset kuinka korkeiksi tai wähäiseksi hywänsä, niin tulee siitä woittoa kumminkin joku määrä yli 100 prosenttia. Luonnollista on, että sellainen keinollinen aine ei koskaan woi palkita oikeata kahwia, wielä wähemmin sitä käytännöstä poistaa.  Kaikissa tapauksissa on se kuitenkin wiattomampaa ja wahingottomampaa kahwin-riollista kuin tuo niin kutsuttu "Saksan kahwi". Monessa paikassa on tämä jokapäiwäistä juomaa wähempiwaraisissa perheissä, jotka oikean kahwin alinomaa nousewain hintojen tähden ryhtywät tähän. Se ei ole oikeastaan mitään muuta kuin "poltettua ja jauhettua sikurijuurta".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sikurijuuressa on karwas-ainetta, jonka tähden sitä on walittu palkitsemaan kahwin karwas-ainetta. Siihen lisäksi syntyy poltettaissa wähäinen määrä öljyä, joka antaa puhtaalle sikurikeitteelle ilettäwän hajun. Kahwin tärkein aine puuttuu kuitenkin aina sellaisesta juomasta. Sen helppohintaisuus waikutti, että sitä alussa halulla ostettiin, jonka wuoksi sikurin hinta nousi; mutta silloin keksiwät kauppamiehet keinon, jonta awulla saattoiwat yhä eteenkinpäin myydä sikuria samaan hintaan. Niin täytettiin tähän tarpeesen aluksi porkkanoita, walkojuurikkaita ja nauriita; ja ettei palanutta öljyäkään puuttuisi seasta, poltettiin ne ihran kanssa. Tätä sekasotkua myytiiin sitten sikurikahwina, myöhemmin "Saksan kahwina". Kaikki tuo käwisi kyllä laatuun, waan kun sellaisissa teoksissa toisinaan tapaa hienonnettua multaa, hiekan-jywäisiä ja tiili-jauhoa, niin taitaa olla parasta, että jokainen, joka tahtoo juoda keinollista kahwia, itse polttaa&lt;br /&gt;rukiita, ohria tai tammen-terhoja. Sitten ainakin tietää mitä nauttii "kahwin" nimellä.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4415957206272342220?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4415957206272342220/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4415957206272342220' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4415957206272342220'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4415957206272342220'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/nykyisista-kahwiwaarennyksista.html' title='Nykyisistä kahwiwäärennyksistä'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3076961212448438724</id><published>2011-11-08T12:58:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T13:00:02.653+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='militaarinen käyttö'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - maalit yms'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1940-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='suojaväri t. suojamaalaus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Time'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1940-l'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1942'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Mainos: Arco War Paints for Industry</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/time_1942_mainos_arco.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THAT SLANT EYES MAY STRAIN IN VAIN&lt;br /&gt;Street lights on the West Coast's ocean-front drives can't be blocked out, for many of them light arterial highways. Yet they offered a constant threat to coast-wise shipping, silhouetting tankers for Jap pot-shots. The obvious answer was to paint the ocean side of the lamps. But ordinary dark paints absorb heat and thus cause the glass to expand unequally - and break. Arco Infray, however, safely and effectively masks the tell-tale gleams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Infray - the infra-red reflecting camouflage paint - is but one of many examples of the ability of the Arco Research Laboratories to meet specific needs with specialized products, tailored to fit. That ability is at your disposal to help you find the solution to any problem paint can solve. Your inquiry will receive prompt action.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE ARCO COMPANY&lt;br /&gt;Cleveland, Ohio&lt;br /&gt;Los Angeles, California&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3076961212448438724?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3076961212448438724/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3076961212448438724' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3076961212448438724'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3076961212448438724'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/mainos-arco-war-paints-for-industry.html' title='Mainos: Arco War Paints for Industry'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2278102625413545980</id><published>2011-11-07T01:46:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-28T01:47:22.094+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1869'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1860-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tervavärit t. aniliinivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Aniline Colors.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 4 / 1869&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. M. Reiman, of Berlin, Prussia, whose name is already known to the reader as a prominent savant in the field of industrial arts, contributes the following upon the above interesting topic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beginning of this decennium is marked by a general change in all departments of  the art of dyeing. Instead of the coloring matters previously in use, and which had been extracted from wood and bark, it was attempted to employ those coloring matters that had recently been prepared from aniline, and the most perfect success attended this innovation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The coloring substances obtained from aniline are decidedly preferable to those extracted from woods, barks, etc., by reason of their substantial character; that is to say, the fibres do not require the use of mordants before being dyed. Thus, neither wool nor silk requires to be mordanted before they are dyed in aniline colors, since these latter are capable of dyeing material withoud any previous preparation of the animal fibre. According to the old method, when dyeing with logwood, red-wood, cochineal, etc., it was always necessary to impregnate the fibre which was to be dyed with that mordant which, by combining with the pigment of the coloring matter, would cause it to adhere to the fibre; for these coloring matters become pigments only by combining with the mordants that are employed. Aniline colors, however, being true pigments, it is unnecessary to employ mordants with them. The aniline color is, as chemists say, always a salt; when it is dissolved, the animal fibre precipitates the salt, and is dyed by it. Therefore, whenever animal fibre is dipped into such a solution, the coloring matter adheres to the fibre. According as the fibre is allowed to remain a longer or shorter time in the bath, brighter or darker shades are obtained. Hence from a single bath, every shade of a color may be produced - a thing which was utterly impossible with the pigments formerly employed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aside from this great advantage, these aniline colors sparkle with a brilliancy that no other color ever show. To this fact is due the extensive application of these colors in the manufacture of ladies' articles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who, ten short years ago, could have dreamed of a blue or violet such as is now daily produced in our dyeing establishments? To-day, however, the sparkling colors of birds and flowers are fixed on our textile fibres. Chemists have even discovered that the brilliant colors of many flowers are aniline colors, produced in the plant by nature. Thus in the dahlia has been found an aniline color, which is known in commerce by the name of "Hoffman's violet;" and M. Ziegler has shown that a colored liquid, consisting a solution of an aniline color, is contained in some couchils found on the shores of Spain. After this, it can not excite astonishment that the aniline pigments are now of the greatest importance to dyers, who could not now exist without them. Especially the grays that are now in fashion are always prepared by aniline colors. Even in dyeing cloth, a reddish gray is frequently produced by treating the cloth in an aniline bath, after it has received the usual gray color. In a similar manner the violet shades of some cloths are produced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aniline colors are employed to as great an extent for dyeing cotton as for the materials already mentioned - wool and silk. The difficulties to be surmounted are, however, far greater in the case of cotton. Vegetable fibre will not take the colors from the bath unless it be previously prepared.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Animal fibre, when compared with vegetable fibre, possesses the advantage of containing nitrogen; and every substance that contains nitrogen can fix aniline colors. It was therefore deemed advisable by dyers to cover the vegetable fibre, which lacks nitrogen, with some substance containing this element. Then the substance containing the nitrogen will attract the aniline color, and through it as a medium the aniline color will be fixed on the cotton or any other vegetable fibre. The nitrogenous substances were taken from animals, and hence the process of covering the vegetable fibre with animal substances was called "animalizing." The albumen of eggs and of blood, as also the caseine from milk, while in solution, were brought into contact with the fibre, and when this was thoroughly impregnated with the animal solution, the albumen or caseine was by some chemical process rendered insoluble, and thus was fixed on the fibre. For instance, to cover cotton with the albumen of eggs, the latter substance was diluted with water, and the cotton impregnated with it in a diluted state. The cotton was then dyed, and put into an apartment filled with steam. Since the temperature of steam under or dinary pressure is 222&amp;deg; Fahrenheit-90&amp;deg; Béaumur or 100&amp;deg; Celsius - and albumen coagulates at from 70&amp;deg; to 80&amp;deg; Celsius, the albumen of course became insoluble after a short time, as it assumed the temperature of the steam. The cotton could then be washed with either hot or cold water, without any danger of its losing a particle of albumen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Caseine was dissolved in ammonia, and the alkaline solution of the animal product thus obtained was employed to impregnate cotton or any other fibre that was devoid of nitrogen. Now, caseine, though readily dissolved in alkaline liquids, is insoluble in acids, and it can, therefore, be precipitated from its alkaline solution by the addition of any acid. The dyers, accordingly, in order to fix the caseine, dipped the cotton impregnated with the alkaline solution of caseine in an acid bath, and the caseine was instantly precipitated on the fibre by the acid. In such or a similar manner, any animal substance was fixed on the vegetable fibre; and this process is still employed in the printing of cotton. The animal substances spoken of are, however, too expensive for ordinary use, hence the dyers were soon obliged to resort to other mordants for fixing the aniline colors on vegetable fibre. In preparing Adrianople red, an alkaline solution is employed, in which oil is divided into excessively fine drops, so fine, in fact, taht the liquid looks like milk, which is also a colorless liquid, rendered non-transparent by small drops of fat, or butter. A similar fluid is obtained by mixing oil, alcohol, and sulphuric acid; it is known to dyers by the name of "oil mordant," and has the property of enabling the cotton to take up and fix the aniline colors. The above-mentioned mixture may conveniently be diluted with water, and employed to impregnate the cotton, which will then take up and fix the alinine colors when dipped in a warm solution of these pigments. It was soon discovered that other substances containing fat might serve as mordants for aniline colors. Thus, soap, and especially barrel, or Dutch soap, when dissolved in water, fixes the aniline pigments on the cotton. This kind of soap is so cheap that it may be employed even for the cheapest cotton articles. It is necessary merely to put the cotton into a solution of Dutch soap, to wring the cotton, and to dye it immediately in a warm bath of any aniline color. Another substance used for fixing aniline colors is tannin or tannic acid, which, as is generally known, is contained in gall-nuts and other astringents. A decoction of gall-uts or sumac enables the cotton which is dipped into it to take up and to fix the coloring matters. In practice, gall-nuts, or what is more frequently employed, sumac, is boiled in water, and the cotton is allowed to remain in the clear decoction for from twelve to twenty-four hours. The cotton is then taken out, wrung, and dyed as usual in a warm bath of any aniline color.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumac and soap are, at present, the mordants most frequently employed for fixing aniline colors on vegetable fibre. As aniline colors are effected by the influence of the atmosphere and by soap, dyers frequently dye the cotton, at first with the coloring matters formerly employed, and then also with the corresponding aniline color. Thus, aniline blue on cotton is, in its darker shades, always grounded with Prussian blue. The very slight cost of aniline pigments is of great importance to the dyer. It is true that they are dear enough, and formerly were still more so. But then, they are, beyond all comparison, more intense than the coloring matters formerly employed. Thus, one pound of magenta will dye 200 pounds of wool to quite a deep red shade. Could a pound of any of the old pigments have sufficed for such a quantity of material? The other aniline pigments have a similar intensity; so that, besides t he increase in brilliancy, it is also economical to employ the new colors. In addition to all those advantages, the dyer can, with greater ease, produce shades after a given pattern with these colors. The pigment in solution looks exactly as the color produced by it on the fibre. Formerly the dyer was required to prepare a color which did not yet exist; now he procures it from the manufacturer. He chooses the shade which is to be produced, and can never fail, as was formerly the case when he was obliged to produce the color from the bath. How tedious were the former processes of mordanting, washing, hanging, dyeing, etc.! Now minutes suffice for that labor which previously required days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It has been objected to the employment of aniline colors that they are unstable. This is true. But it must be observed that it is scarcely possible for such brilliant colors as the aniline pigments to be stable. The sparkling dahlia-violet, the brilliant red, and night-blue, as magenta, etc., can never bear the influence of the atmosphere, dust, acid, vaports, etc. These of the formerly employed pigments that at all approached in brilliancy these aniline colors were fully as unstable as they. One need only mention the cudbear, that violet pigment which, though by no means imparting as fresh and sparkling shades as aniline violet, is almost as unstable. The red, violet, and blue colors produced by woods and other similar substances for dyeing were fully as fleeting as the aniline pigments. Even black, which is usually regarded as a firm color, is one of the most unstable ones. In fact, the black, as it is generally produced by logwood and iron salts, is so liable to change, that acid, vapors, or atmospheric influences are sufficient to make it disappear. The true reason why the black on cloths and finer materials appears, at least, to be durable is, that it lies on a surface of the most stable of all coloring matters - indigo. The black color of cloth and other expensive stuffs is produced by first dyeing the goods dark blue in the warm indigo vat. This is an expensive and uncomfortable process, but necessary for a stable black color. The indigo imparts to the wool a perfectly firm blue color, and upon this the dyer produces his black with logwood and iron. After some time, this black dye is partly or entirely destroyed; adn the observer is prevented from noticing it by the dark.blue indigo lustre of the goods. A comparison with a piece of freshly dyed clorht will, however, show that the black has disappeared. It is a well-known fact that the black produced by logwood easily assumes a reddish hue, especially if there be but little indigo under black.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But it must never be forgotten that aniline colors are to be employed mainly for articles of fashion. Articles which must, by all means, retain their color are never dyed with aniline. In such cases, indigo, madder, and other solid pigments must be employed. In summing up the advantage of the aniline colors, we must consider their brilliancy and freshness, rather than their durability. They are certainly at present the most important pigments for the dyer, as they combine facility of treatment and moderate costliness with a brilliancy never hitherto known - in short, all that the dyer wishes.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2278102625413545980?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2278102625413545980/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2278102625413545980' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2278102625413545980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2278102625413545980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/aniline-colors.html' title='Aniline Colors.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4502594074319246395</id><published>2011-11-06T16:36:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:37:27.957+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kopiointitavat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1881'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>An Improved Copying Process</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 9, 1881&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr J. M. Eder describes in the &lt;em&gt;Photographic News&lt;/em&gt; an improved process of cyanotype printing for copying drawings, designs, tracings and the like, which is said to give excellent results. We give below the essential parts of the description. Thirty volumes of a solution of gum arabic (5 parts of water to 1 part of gum) are mixed with 8 volumes of an aqueous solution of citrate of iron and ammonia (water 2, salt 1), and to this is added 5 volumes of an aqueous solution of perchloride of iron (water 2, iron 1). This mixture rapidly thickens, and should therefore be applied with a brush quickly after preparing it, to well sized paper. The paper is dried in the dark, and then exposed to the light under the tracing or drawing to be copied. A few minutes exposure to good light is sufficient, and the print should then be developed by brushing over the surface with an aqueous solution of the ferro-cyanide of potassium. The picture appears almost instantly in dark blue. As soon as it appears distinct in all its details, it is quickly rinsed in water, then immersed in a bath of very dilute hydrochloric acid, which strengthens the image, whitens the ground, and removes the gum-iron film. The washing of the print now in water completes the process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A simple and satisfactory printing process for copying tracings, etc., is often very desirable to architects, machinists, engineers and others, and the one here described would appear to meet the case very satisfactorily. The whole operation, including the preparation of the paper, is said not to take up more than an hour or two in fair weather. The older blue printing processes were unsatisfactory, as the ground was invariably left more or less blue by the running of the color. The use of gum in the present process avoids this objection.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4502594074319246395?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4502594074319246395/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4502594074319246395' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4502594074319246395'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4502594074319246395'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/improved-copying-process.html' title='An Improved Copying Process'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6711545940424400126</id><published>2011-11-05T16:31:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:32:14.807+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ilmoitukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaasan Sanomat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><title type='text'>Ilmoitus: julkinen huutokauppa.</title><content type='html'>Vaasan Sanomat 39, 27.9.1880&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Julkisella huutokaupalla, joka pidetään kaupungin pakka-huoneessa tiistaina 5 p:nä ensitulewaa lokakuuta ja alkaa k:lo 10 epp., myydään seuraawia, "Joutsen" kuunarin  haaksirikosta pelastetuita tawaroita, nimittäin: 400 naulan paikoilla indigoa wähemmissä tukuissa, petroleummia, nauloja, ompelukoneita, parkittamattomia wuotia, y. m.,  jota halullisille ostajille ilmoitetaan.  Nikolainkaupungin tullikamarista Syyskuun 24 p:nä 1880.&lt;br /&gt;Wilhelm Sourander.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6711545940424400126?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6711545940424400126/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6711545940424400126' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6711545940424400126'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6711545940424400126'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/ilmoitus-julkinen-huutokauppa.html' title='Ilmoitus: julkinen huutokauppa.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6920995065522343186</id><published>2011-11-04T16:29:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:30:03.353+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maaliaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='guttaperka'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1888'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Gutta-Percha Paint.</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 12, 1888&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The paint made by the United States Gutta-Percha Paint Company is specially claimed to be not only an excellent preservative of the wood-work to which it is applied, but also to be very durable, and of such a character as to retain for the longest time its original attractive appearance. The expansion and contraction of the surfaces to which it is applied, to say nothing of the poor quality of the materials commonly employed in the making up of the so-called mixed paints, has operated against the general intro[duc]tion of  these paints, and painters have not taken to them kindly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is claimed  that the product of the United States Gutta-Percha Paint Company is especially qualified to meet the objections above named. It is affirmed to be possessed of many features that will commend it to the favor of those who require a lasting and water-proof out-door decorative coating for structures of every description. This paint, containing gutta-percha, and other gums of equal value, combined by a peculiar process with the linseed oil, possesses all the water-proof and elastic properties for which gutta-percha is famous, and if properly laid on, it is claimed that no expansion or contraction of the surface to which it is applied, will cause it to crack or chip. The gutta-percha and other gums combine perfectly with the linseed oil, with the white lead used as a body, and with the pure coloring pigments, and the result is a paint that possesses a good covering capacity, while the purity of its materials enables it to resist alike the action of temperature or moisture. It is supplied in all the standard light colors as well in the dark shades and tints so popular in modern exterior decoration, which should commend it to purchasers. For roofing purposes, it is declared to be particularly well suited, its elasticity commending it for use in all climates, and notably for application to old tin roofs in need of repair. Being manufactured, as it is, according to special formul&amp;aelig;, it is always uniform in color and quality, and may be relied on to give satisfaction.In use for a number of years, the United States Gutta-Percha Paint has proved successful whenever introduced, and is worthy the attention not only of builders, practical painters and consumers, but of dealers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The manufacturers are United States Gutta-Percha Paint Co., of Providence, R. I.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6920995065522343186?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6920995065522343186/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6920995065522343186' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6920995065522343186'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6920995065522343186'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/gutta-percha-paint.html' title='Gutta-Percha Paint.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2410324961115975995</id><published>2011-11-03T16:25:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:25:41.865+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1888'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - maalaus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>An Excellent Whitewash</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 12, 1888&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A whitewash for indoor work is made of two pounds Paris whiting, one ounce white glue; dissolve the glue in warm water. Mix whiting with warm water; stir in glue and thin with warm water.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2410324961115975995?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2410324961115975995/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2410324961115975995' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2410324961115975995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2410324961115975995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/12/excellent-whitewash.html' title='An Excellent Whitewash'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-6266307650003375965</id><published>2011-11-02T16:23:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:24:00.760+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Wiipurin Sanomat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - värjäys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1800-l'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1899'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><title type='text'>Mainos: Touwon Wärjäyslaitos</title><content type='html'>Wiipurin Sanomat 121, 6.5.1899&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/WS_121_1899.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Touwon wärjäyslaitokseen Wiipurissa wastaanotetaan wärjäystöitä Wiipurissa Punasenlähteentori Rouva A Hartbergin kartanossa, Lappeenrannassa rouwa M. Simola, Luumäellä (Taawetissa) kauppias A. Wainikka. - Herrain ja rouwaswäen pukuja, huonekalujen päällyksiä, akkunawerhoja y.m. puhdistetaan ja wärjätään. Wärimalleja nähtäwänä.&lt;br /&gt;S. A. Katriainen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-6266307650003375965?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/6266307650003375965/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=6266307650003375965' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6266307650003375965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/6266307650003375965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/mainos-touwon-warjayslaitos.html' title='Mainos: Touwon Wärjäyslaitos'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2890675873457246354</id><published>2011-11-01T16:21:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T16:24:35.016+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1878'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='asbestivärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - väriaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mainokset - 1800-l'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1870-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The American missionary'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>Mainos. H. W. Johns' Asbestos Liquid Paints.</title><content type='html'>The American missionary 5, 1878&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0. 5em; cursor: pointer; clear:both;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/lehdet/HWJohns.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From 20 to 40 per cent. of customary outlays for Paints, Roofing, &amp;c., can be saved. Sed for Samples and Reduced Price Lists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H. W. Johns' Asbestos Liquid Paints.&lt;br /&gt;Pure, Undiluted Paints, Full Body and Full U. S. Standard Measure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No other paints for structural purposes equal ours in richness and purity of color, covering capacity and durability. They are especially adapted for exposed wood and iron, but are equally desirable for inside and general workd. Two coats of these paints form a handsomer and more durable protective coating than three coats of the best white lead and linseed oil, or any other paints in use. We can therefore guarantee a &lt;em&gt;saving of from 20 to 40 per cent. of the usual cost of painting.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Contract for Supplying Paints for the Gilbelt Elevated Railroad of New York City was Awarded to Us. This is the largest contract ever made for painting any single structure in this country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ROOF PAINT for tin and shingle roofs, iron work, agricultural implements, fences, out-buildings, etc. We quarantee this to be a better and more economical paint than has ever before been offered to the public for similar puposes.&lt;br /&gt;This Paint was used with entire success, when all others failed, upon the roof of the Exhibition Buildings at Philadelphia, the largest area of Tin Roofing in the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FIRE-PROOF PAINT for the protection of inside wood-work of factories, bridges, boiler rooms and other wooden structures in danger of ignision from sparks, cinders or flames.&lt;br /&gt;This paint has been applied to more than four and a half acres of wood-work in the two immense Dry Goods Stores of Messrs. A. T. Steward &amp; Co. of New York City.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ASBESTOS ROOFING, With White Fire-Proof Coating.&lt;br /&gt;This well-known Roofing is now in use in all parts of the world, and is the only reliable substitute for tin. It is suitable for steep or flat roofs in all climates, and forms the coolest and most durable portable roofing in use. In rolls ready for use; costs only half as much as tin: easily aplied by any one.&lt;br /&gt;The Asbestos Roofing is used in preference to all others by the Kingsford Oswege Starch Factory, Remington / Sons, Cheneys Bros., Columbus Car and Wheel Works, and by the most extensive Manufacturers, Builders, Railroad Companies, etc., in the United States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ASBESTOS BOILER COVERINGS, Consisting of ASBESTOS CEMENT FELTING, to be applied like a mortar, and ASBESTOS AIR CHAMBER COVERING, in sheets and rolls, for Hot Air and Steam Pipes, Boilers, and other heated surfaces. The most durable, effective and economical appliances known for preventing Radiation of Heat; will save from 25 to 40 per cent. of fuel.&lt;br /&gt;Used by the United States Navy Department and in most extensive Public Buildings.&lt;br /&gt;Asbestos Steam Packing, Boards for Gaskets, Sheathings, Fire, Acid and Waterproof Coatings, Cements for Gas Retorts, Leaky Roofs, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these materials are prepared ready for use, and can be easily applied by any one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liberal indugements to General Merchants, Builders, and Large Consumers.&lt;br /&gt;Send for samples, Illustrated Catalogues, Price Lists, &amp;c.&lt;br /&gt;H. W. Johns Manufacturing Company,&lt;br /&gt;87 Maiden Lane, New York.&lt;br /&gt;The public are cautioned against purhasing worthless imitations of these materials.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2890675873457246354?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2890675873457246354/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2890675873457246354' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2890675873457246354'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2890675873457246354'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/11/mainos-h-w-johns-asbestos-liquid-paints.html' title='Mainos. H. W. Johns&apos; Asbestos Liquid Paints.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-8717451150653098748</id><published>2011-10-30T11:43:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T11:43:25.497+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Forssa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värjäämöt'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Uusi Suometar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1890-luku'/><title type='text'>Forssan pumpulitehdas.</title><content type='html'>Uusi Suometar 229, 3.10.1890&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Jatkoa 27 n:roon.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Päärakennuksen toiseen kerrokseen johtawat leweät raput harmaakiwi-askeloilla. Tämä kerros on myös yhtenä, 180 jalan pituisena ja 80 jalan lewyisenä salina. Siinäkin on 45 ikkunaa.  Ensimmäisenä owesta on kahdessa riwissä loimilankakehruukoneita, edellämainittua matkustaja-rengasjärjestelmää. Niiden nopeus on wähä yli 9,000 ympärystän minutissa. Kukin kone on warustettu erityisellä mittari-kellolla, joka näyttää kehrätyn langan pituuden. — Wertaamalla kellon  näyttämää pituusmäärää ja kehrätyn langan painoa woidaan nähdä missä määrin koneenhoitaja on laiminlyönyt tehtäwänsä. Kello nimittäin näyttää kehrätyn langan pituuden ainoastaan yhdestä kehräpäästä. Mutta kun kaikilla kehräpäillä koneessa on sama työkyky, pitää myöskin, jos hoitaja waan ei ole antanut osan kehräpäitä pyöriä tyhjinä, kaikilla kehräpäillä olla sama määrä lankaa ja niiden siis painaa saman werran kuin sekin, jossa kello  on mitannut langan pituuden. — Perempänä salissa on kudelanka-kehruukoneet, jotka tekewät 3&amp;frac12; lyöntiä minutissa samalla  kuin kehräpäiden wauhti nousee 8,000:een. Kutakin paria hoitaa 4 henkeä, joista johtaja on mies ja apulaiset naisia ja alaikäisiä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siipirakennuksessa owat kummankin kerroksen salit 150 jalkaa pitkiä ja 48 jalkaa leweitä. Niissäkin on katto rauta-ansaiden waraan holwattu setä asfalttilattiat. Alemmassa kerroksessa on ensiksi konevoimalla käypiä ja warastajalla warustettuja wyyhdin-telineitä, joihin mahtuu 40 wyyhtä kerrallaan. Samassa salissa on wielä kertauskoneita, niistä kaksi kalastuslankoja warten. Wiimeksi-mainitut eroawat tawallisista kertauskoneista siinä, että niissä eri säkeet kiertyivät kieremmäksi ennen yhtymistä. Pumpulilanka on esim. rysänä pellawa- ja hamppulankaa edullisempi siinä, eltä se on halwempi-hintaista eikä ole hetikään yhtä joutuisa mätänemään. Pumpulilankainen  rysä woipi olla yhteen mittaan koko kesäkauden wedessä mätänemättä ja wälillä kuiwaamatta. Sitä tarwitsee ainoastaan puhdistaa siihen kokoontuneesta lietteestä; siinä kaikki hoito. — Wihdoin on wielä samassa kerroksessa rullauskoneita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siipirakennuksen 2:nen kerros on niinikään yhtenä salina. Lähinnä owea on rullauskoneita, 200 rullaa kussakin, sekä peremmällä konewoimalla käypiä wyyhdintelineitä, jotka kaikki owat warustetut wyyhdin-warastajalla. — Niihinkin mahtuu samalla  kertaa 40 wyyhtä kuhunkin. — Perimpänä kauppaan annettawa lanka sidotaan kimppuihin ja kääritään papereihin. Kimppuunsitomis-koneet käywät konewoimalla.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alemmassa kerroksessa on myös tätä osastoa käyttäwä höyrykone, joka on laskettu 250 h.-woimaiseksi, sekä  rakenteelleen matalapainojärjestelmää. Sen johtohammasratas painaa 1,500 leiwiskää ja on 15 jalkaa läpimitassa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Päärakennukseen liittyy joen puolelta pieni kiwinen siipirakennus. Se sisältää myllyn, jossa on 3 paria jauhin-, sekä 1 pari ryynikiwiä, ja seulomalaitoksen. Samassa siipiralennuksessa on wielä wäripuun pienentämiskone, joku pyöräsaha sekä kaksi 166 h.-woimaista turpiinia, jotka rakenteelleen owat uusinta mallia ja joista saadaan lisäwoimaa edellä kerrottuun kehruu-osastoon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kosken wastaisella puolella on wielä 2 turpiinia, 60 ja 50 h.-woimaisia, erityisessä kiwirakennuksessa. Samalla puolella koskea myöskin sijaitsee tehtaasen kuuluwa rautawalimo, jossa on 1 raudansulatus- ja wormujen kuiwatusuuni, sekä waskimalimo sulatusliesineen. Walinmlilta on paremmanpuoleista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Samasuuntaisesti edellä kerrotun kehruu-osaston siipirakennuksen kanssa ja noin 10 jalan päässä siitä on 150 jalan pituinen, yksikerroksinen kiwirakennus, mikä sisältää tehtaan korjaustyöpajan sekä kone- ja tattila-huoneen. Paja on waloisa ja jotenkin tilawa ja siinä on 5 rautasorwia, joista pisin 30 jalkaa, 2 rautahöylää, 1 laakerihöylä, porauskoneita ynnä muuta sellaista. Sitä osastoa käyttää 7 h.-woimainen höyrykone. Konehuoneessa on 2 höyry- sekä 2 dynamokonetta. Toinen höyrykoneista&lt;br /&gt;on tehty omassa työpajassa; työ siistiä. Tämä kone, joka on 170 h.woimainen, 1-sylinterinen ja warustettu lauhduttajalla, käyttöä uutta kehruu-osastoa, josta jälempänä enemmän. Toinen höyrykoneista, 2-sylinterinen ja korkeapainojärjestelmää, on englantilaista työtä ja laskettu 100 h.-woimaisetsi. Se käyttää dynamokoneita, joista woidaan saada tarpeellinen sähkö 1,000:teen, 16 normalikynttilän walowoimaiseen lamppuun.  Tehtaassa nimittäin kaikkialla käytetään walaistukseen yksinomaan sähköä. Sähkölamppuja on nykyään käytännössä noin 700.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Höyrykattiloita on 6, joista 4 toisessa ja 2 toisessa suojassa.  Niiden on laskettu yhteensä synnyttäwän höyryä 500 h.-woimaan asti 05 naulan painolla neliötuumaa kohti. Polttoaineena käytetään puuta. Puuwarasto on joen wastaisella puolella. Joen yli käypi sieltä kiskoilla warustettu silta. Puut tuodaan pienissä waunuissa aiwan kattilojen eteen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aiwan joen rannalla ja melkeen samasuuntaisesti edellä kerrotun konehuonerakennuksen kanssa on yksikerroksinen kiwirakennus, joka sisältää wärjäys- ja walkaisu-osaston, mallipuuseppäin  työhuoneen sekä pajan, jossa on 4 ahjoa. Ensimmäisinä rakennuksen päässä on pienoinen komero, jossa on rautakattila pystyisen höyrykattilan muotoa, missä keitetään puuwärit. Sianmarjan warsia käytetään wärjäykseen useita tuhansia leiwisköitä wuoteensa. Niistä on maksettu kuiwina 80 pennin waiheille leiwiskältä. Ensin kun niitä ruwettiin suuremmassa määrin käyttämään oli niitä waikea saada ostaa. Myöhemmin on kumminkin tuotu kaupaksi melkeen enemmänkin kuin mitä woidaan käyttää.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rakennuksen seuraamassa osassa on wäri- ja wärjättäwien  lankojen warasto. Sitä seuraawa on warsinainen wärjäyshuone. Sisustuksesta on huomattawana sementistä ja puusta tehdyt sinikyypit. Sementtiset sinikyypit owat noin 1&amp;frac12; kyynärän pituisia, runsaasti 1 kyynärää leweitä ja saman werran sywiä. Niillä on puisiin werraten se etu, että owat monin werroin  kestäwämpiä eiwätkä ime itseensä wäriainetta. — Ne työmiehet, jotka lankoja kyyppeihin kastawat, käyttäwät gummihansikkaita,  sillä wäriseoituksessa on myös syöpiä aineita siihen määrään, että ne ennen pitkää turmelisiwat suojattomat kädet. Wielä on samassa huoneessa 12 jalkaa pitkiä, 2 jalan lewyisia ja sywyisiä  3-tuumaisista lankuista tehtyjä wärjäyslaatikkoja. Huoneen katossa kulkee wesijohtotorwi, josta saadaan wettä kaikkialle.  Koko rakennuksessa on katto rautakannittimien waraan holwattu ja seinät walkoisiksi kalkitut. Lattia on joko sementtiä taikka  asfalttia. Wärjäyshuoneen lattiassa käytetään puuristikoita, joista on se etu, että työntekijäin, ehkä suureksi osaksi käyttäwätkin puupohjaisia jalkineita, ei tarwitse seisoa wedessä. Puuristikot otetaan kerran wiikossa, tawallisimmin lauantaisin, paikoiltaan ja huuhdotaan. Niinikään huuhdotaan permantoa. Laimiinlyönti siinä tuntuu kyllä kesäiseen aikaan, sillä siitä syntyy wastenmielistä löyhkää. Käytetty wesi juoksee wärjäyshuoneesta suorastaan jokren. Wärjäyshuonetta walaisee 2 katossa olewaa kaarilamppua, joista kumpikin 1,500 normalikynttilän woimainen. Wärjäyshuoneen siwussa on pieni osasto, jossa kauppaan annettawat wärjätyt langat kimpuitetaan. Kimppuunpuserruskoneet käywät konewoimalla. Wärjäyshuoneen ylisillä on koneellinen kuiwauslaitos. Lanka kuiwaa siinä &amp;frac12; tunnissa. On siellä myöskin sauna, missä saadaan höyry- ja ammekylpyjä. Sen käyttäminen maksaa 50 p.  kerralta. Tehtaasen kuuluwat sairaat saawat sitä kumminkin käyttää maksuttomasti.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jatkona wärjäyshuoneesta on walkaisuosasto. Siinä on paitsi muuta walkaisuammeita, joissa walkaistawat langat lioitetaan klorikalkkiliuoksessa, sekä muutamia huuhtoma-sammioita, kuparinen ja rautainen wärinhienontamiskone, weden tislauslaitos y. m. Jokiwesi on, etenkin toisin ajoin, siksi epäpuhdasta että waltaisuun on tarwis joku osa wettä tislata. Weden epäpuhtaus tekee jonkunlaista häiriötä wärjäyksessäkin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seuraawassa osassa on lankapaino, jossa lanka painetaan paikkulaiseksi, käyttäen joko yhtä taikka useampaa wäriä.  Semmoiset painokoneet owat noin 1 kyynärän pituisia, aina 2 walssia samaa wäriä warten. Lanka nimittäin painetaan paikkulaiseksi wyyhdissä, keskimäärin 4 wyyhtä kerrallaan. Painowalsseissa on &amp;frac12; tuumaa korkeat painoterät, jotka  ottawat wärin alla olewasta laatikosta. Se käypi monin werroin joutuisampaan kuin wanhan tawan mukaan, jolloin ne paikat wyyhtä, joihin ei tahdottu wäriä, sidottiin lujaan. Painokoneella saapi niin tiheän wäriwaihtelun kuin haluttaa ja hywin joutuun. Näitä koneita on 3, joista yhdellä woidaan painaa 6 eri wäriä. Niin moniwärinen lanka tulee kumminkin sangen harmoin, jos koskaan kysymykseen. Melkeen yksinomaan painetaan kaksiwäristä, langan oma wäri toisena. Walkoisen ja mustan paikkulainen on enimmin kysyttyä. Wärjäys-, walkaisu- ja painetöissä on nykyisin 50 miestä, niiden joukossa kumminkin joitakuita alaikäisiäkin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rakennuksen seuraawassa osassa on työhuoneensa malli- ynnä muilla puusepillä sekä puusorwareilla. Koneella käypiä puusorwia  on 5. Poikkeustöitä lukuun ottamatta, sorwataan ainoastaan tehtaassa tarwittamia rullia, puolia j. n. e. Niihin käytetään yksinomaan koiwua, sen sijaan että esim. Tampereen kehruutehtaissa käytetään ulkomaalaisia puulajeja. Kaikki sorwaus tehdään wapaalla kädellä. Wielä on samassa  huoneessa 1 pyörä- ja 1 pienempi wannesaha puuseppiä warten. Nekin tietysti käywät konewoimalla.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wiimeisenä rakennuksen päässä on tawallinen takoma-paja, jossa on, niinkuin jo edellä mainittiin, 4 ahjoa. Warsinaisia koneita, niin kuin konewasara j. m. s., siinä ei ole.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Edellä kerrotusta rakennuksesta muutaman sylen päässä ja päädytysten sen kanssa on uusi, 2-kerroksinen, wuonna 1875 kiwestä rakennettu kehruu-osasto. Rakennus on 168 jalkaa pitkä ja 18 jalkaa leweä. Sen katto on kumpaisessakin kerroksessa, kuten tehtaassa kaikkialla, rauta-ansaiden waralle walwattu. Lattiat omat peitetyt asfaltilla. Rakennuksen alikerroksessa on pumpulin puhdistus- ja karstaus- ynnä joukko wesikehruukoneita.  Puhdistuskoneet owat jossain määrin toista rakennetta kuin  saman tarkoitukselliset koneet suuremmassa kehruu-osastossa.  2:ssa kerroksessa on muutamia pareja kudelanta-kehruukoneita. Tarpeellinen käytinwoima saadaan ennen mainitusta, 300 jalan päässä olewasta 170 h.-woimaisesta höyrykoneesta sekä kosken wastaisella puolella olewista 50 ja 60 h.-woimaisista turpiineista. Wetohihnana woimakoneista kehruurakennukseen on 1-tuumainen teräslankaköysi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joen rannalla päädytysten uuteen kehruu-osastoon on wielä yksikerroksinen pitempi rakennus, jossa on lautawarasto ja työskentelewöt salwomiehet. Näitä warten on siinä wanne- ja pyöräsaha y. m. Samassa rakennuksessa on myös maalarien&lt;br /&gt;työhuone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forssan kehruutehtaasen kuuluu, paitse ulkotyömiehiä, noin 650 henkeä. Kehruu-osastossa on nyt 545 työntekijää, niistä alle 15 ikäwuoden 28 poikaa ja 43 tyttöä, 15-18 ikäwuoden wälillä 30 mies- ja 55 naispuolta sekä päälle 18 ikäwuoden 142 miestä ja 243 naista. Lapset alle 15 ikäwuoden työskentelewät asetuksen mukaisesti 6 tuntia päiwässä. Siitä maksetaan wiikkopalkkaa 2 markkaa, mutta sen lisäisi saawat he yhtiön kustannuksella wiikon kaikkina päiwinä rawitsewan päiwällis-atrian sekä joka toinen wiikko illallisen, nimittäin se osa, jonka wuoro on tehdä  tehtaassa työtä iltapäiwällä. Wiksbergin puolella ei anneta lapsille päiwällistä. Palkkaa on niillä wiikossa 2 markkaa. Myöskin kustantaa yhtiö täydellisen ylläpidon perheettömille wirkamiehilleen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forssassa sekä Wiksbergisfä omat pihamaalla käytäwät kiwitetyt nupokiwillä. Piha pidetään sangen puhtaana. Tehtaasta maantielle (noin 100 syltä) wiewän tien wiereen on istutettu puita ja asetettu liisteistuimia. Kummallakin puolella tietä on enimmäkseen 7-huoneisia puurakennuksia, jotka owat tehtaan johtajiston asuntoina. Tehtaasta tullen wasemmalla on lawea ja hywin  hoidettu puutarha, jossa on useampia kaswihuoneita ja myös  suuressa määrin wiljellään kyökki ynnä muita kaswia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yntiö harjoittaa tehdasliikkeen ohella laweata maanwiljelystä ja karjan hoitoa. Forssan hewostalli on ollut tähän saakka suurin ja kentiesi myöskin muhkein maassamme. Siinä on 50 pilttuuta ja 4 warsakarsinaa. Sairaita hewosia warten on eri huoneessa 3 karsinaa. Nykyään on yhtiöllä 57 hewosta, joista 20 yksinomaan maanwiljelystä warten. Lehmiä on 130.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-8717451150653098748?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/8717451150653098748/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=8717451150653098748' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8717451150653098748'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8717451150653098748'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/10/forssan-pumpulitehdas.html' title='Forssan pumpulitehdas.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3453613103137610021</id><published>2011-10-30T11:38:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T11:38:51.141+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='uutiset ja tiedotukset'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ohjeet - pigmentit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Harmless Green Pigment</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder, 5/1880&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The very general aversion of green pigments entertained by the well informed public, by reason  of the suspicion that they may contain dangerous quantities of arsenic, is well founded. On this account, it may be of interest to notice that M. Casali has claimed to have produced a green coloring matter suitable for wall papers, and other similar uses, by calcining an intimate mixture of one part of bichromate of potassa and three parts of baked gypsum. A grass-green mixture is obtained, which, on boiling with water, or on mixing with dilute hydrochloric acid, leaves a fine powder of an intense green color.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This suggestion seems to us to be very useful, as many serious and even fatal accidents have been directly traced to the poisonous effects of arsenical greens on paper useful for wall coverings, bon-bon boxes, and the like. The above recipe, if it produces a product as good as is claimed, will be not only free from objection on account of its freedom from danger, but also quite cheap.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3453613103137610021?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3453613103137610021/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3453613103137610021' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3453613103137610021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3453613103137610021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/10/harmless-green-pigment.html' title='A Harmless Green Pigment'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-8482100268516783511</id><published>2011-10-30T11:36:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T11:36:45.126+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tekstiilit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Uusi Suometar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teollisuus ja tuotanto'/><title type='text'>Wenäjän teollisuuselämästä.</title><content type='html'>Uusi Suometar 13, 17.1.1900&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seuraamme professori Schulze-Gävernitziä hänen siirtyessään kuwaamaan suurteollisuuden syntyä ja kaswamista Wenäjällä wuosisatamme toisella puoliskolla.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hän ei yritäkään, muka luotettawien tilastollisten numerojen nojalla, puhumaan kaikista teollisuuden haaroista ja niiden tilasta waltakunnan eri osissa, waan walitsee sisäisen Wenäjän pumpuliteollisuuden tutkimuksensa pääaineeksi. Ehkä tekee hän sen osittain siitä syystä, että tutustuminen juuri tähän teollisuuteen Länsi- Euroopassakin oli ollut hänen mielitehtäwiään; mutta enimmin waikutti kuitenkin se tosiasia, että pumpulitehtaat, ja nimenomaan juuri Keski-Wenäjälle perustetut, wiime wuosikymmeninä owat taloudelliseen merkitykseensä nähden woittaneet kaikki muut teolliset yritykset keisarikunnassa. Niiden merkityksen arvaa jo siitä, että Moskowan kuwernementissa 85 prosenttia teollisuuden palveluksessa käytetystä työwäestöstä teki työtä tekstiili- eli kangasteollisuudessa ja niistä 70 prosenttia pumpulitehtaissa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siihen, että Moskowan seutu — itäinen osa Moskowan kuwernementtia ja koko Wladimirin kuwernementti — on  kohonnut tahi ainakin on kohoamassa samaan merkitykseen Wenäjän teollisuudessa kuin Lancasshiren maakunnalla  on ollut Englannissa, on yhtä paljon maakunnan luonnonlaatuun perustuwat kuin kansataloudellisetkin syynsä. Tuo seutu ei wielä ole mustan mullan wähatöisiä wiljawainioita, ja sen tähden wanhastaan tiheä asutus on pakottanut wäestön turwautumaan teolliseen työhön.  Ja teollisuus saattoi suuremmassakin määrin menestyä, sillä waikka kylmä, karu metsäalue alkaakin wasta pohjoisemmassa, on metsää kuitenkin ollut riittäwästi. silloinkin kuin ei vielä naftaa tehtaissa polttoaineena käytetty. Wolga haarajokineen tekee yhdysliikkeen werrattomasti helpommaksi kuin useimmissa paikoin muualla Wenäjällä. Mutta wallankin rautatiet, joiden rakentamisen itämainen sota oli näyttänyt wälttämättömäksi, owat saattaneet puheena olewan seudun kulkuneuwoihin nähden edulliseen asemaan. Juuri waltakunnan wanhan pääkaupungin etu se useinkin ensi sijassa niiden suunnan määräsi. Ja elwyttäwästi on sekin  waikuttanut, että waltakunnan tärkein markkinapaikka, Nishni-Nowgorod, sijaitsee tällä Keski-Wenäjän  teollisuusalueella.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moskowa, jonka wäestö nykyään on yli 900,000, oli jo ennen paloaankin w. 1812 suurkaupunki. Asukasluku nousi 250 tuhanteen. Mutta elämä ja toimeentulon lähteet oliwat aiwan toisia kuin samaan aikaan Pariisissa ja Lontoossa. Kaupungin 8,400 talosta oli 6,300 aatelisten omistamia. Näissä taloissa eli suunnattomia laumoja epäwapaata palweluswäkeä, jonka ylläpito muka ei mitään maksanut, se kun tapahtui herran maakartanoista tuoduilla, sikäläisten epäwapaitten työllä saaduilla rawintoaineilla. Kun orjat v. 1861 wapautettiin, eiwät kaupungeissa asuwat saaneet maata, ja koska heidän nyt oli itse hankkiminen elatuksensa, oli tehtaitten käytettäwä työwoima juuri Moskowassa suuremmassa määrin kuin muualla missään koko Wenäjällä walmis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nishni-Nowgorod on ollut teollisuudelle hyödyksi kuuluisien markkinainsa kautta, joita joka wuosi kestää pari kuukautta. Näillä markkinoillahan wanhastaan Aasian ja Euroopan tawarat waihdettiin toisiinsa. Sitä tietä Kiinan tee aina wiime wuosikymmeniin asti on lewinnyt halki Wenäjän. Ja sieltä ne wenäläiset tawarat wietiin, joilla  äärimmäisen idän tuotteet korwattiin. Nishnissä jo entisaikoina kiertelewät talonpoikaiskauppiaat saiwat tawaransa tukkukauppiailta, siellä juuri tukkukauppa wallankin rehoitti, wielä sittenkin kuin sisäinen kauppa ja kiinteä maakauppias useimmissa paikoin oli astunut kiertelewän sijaan. Pumpuliteollisuudellekin tarjosiwat siis Nishnin markkinat oiwallisen tilaisuuden tehdä tuotteensa tutuiksi ja lähettää ne jokaiseen ilmansuuntaan. Tämä tapahtuikin semmoisessa laajuudessa, että pumpulilangat ja kankaat monta wuosikymmentä owat olleet markkinain tärkeimpänä kauppatawarana, jonka menekistä muu kauppa ensi sijassa riippuu. 1880-luwulta alkaen on kuitenkin muutos nähtäwissä. Pumpulitawarain kauppa eurooppalaisessa Wenäjässä ei enää tarwitse wuosimarkkinoita. Ainoastaan kaupassa aasialaisten kanssa on Nishnin markkinoilla wielä wuosisadan lopussakin pumpuliteollisuuden alalla wallitseva asema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Semmoiset owat ne paikkakunnalliset olot, joiden keskellä Sisä-Wenäjän pumpuliteollisuus on kohonnut nykyiseen merkitykseensä. Mutta tämän kohoamisen ymmärtämiseen on muistaminen, että suurteollisuus on Wenäjällä syntynyt ja woimistunut ankarimman suojelusjärjestelmän turvissa. Elleiwät korkeat tullimaksut olisi olleet woittamattomasti esteenä, olisivat Englannin huokeahintaiset pumpulituotteet heti kulkulaitosten parantuessa tulwaamalla tulwanneet Wenäjälle ja siellä tukehuttaneet kotimaisen pumpuliteollisuuden ensimmäiseen ituunsa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tämä teollisuus ei Keski-Wenäjällä enemmän kuin muissakaan waltakunnanosissa, polveudu waltion omistamista tahi sen suojassa syntyneistä tehtaista, jotka jälkimäiset häwisivät melkein sukupuuttoon heti kuin orjien wapautus riisti niiltä entisen työwoiman. Sitä wastoin epäwapaitten alustalaisten  perustamat ja omana liikkeenään hoitamat teolliset laitokset oliwat uuden kehitysjakson ahjona. Tämä asianlaita on nähtäwissä wallankin Wladimirin kuwermentissa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siellä talonpojat jo wiime wuosisadalla oliwat willakankaitten ohessa kutoneet paljon palttinata. Sen wärjäämistä warten perustiwat he wärjäyslaitoksia, joissa työtapa aikaisemmin kuin kangasteollisuuden muissa haaroissa tuntuwasti parantui. Niinpä niissä jo 1830-luwulla ruwettiin käyttämään mekaanisia koneita, aikaan jolloin koneet Wladimirin kutomatehtaissa oliwat kokonaan tuntemattomia. Ja muutenkin juuri wärjäyslaitosten haltijat käwiwät edistyksen etupäässä. Heidän kauttansa sai Wladimirin kangasteollisuus suuremmoisemman, kapitalistisen luonteen. Kehrääjät ja kutojat joutuiwat yhä enemmän wärjäyslaitosten palkkalaisiksi tai rupesiwat tekemään työtä niiden tilauksesta; suurwärjärit hankkiwat raaka-aineet ja toimittiwat walmilt tuotteet laajemmllle markkinoille. Ja hepä myöskin, ensi sijassa wärjäystä helpottaakseen,  muuttiwat walmistukjen siten, että pumpulilankaa ruvettiin käyttämään kuteina, waikka loimet wielä jäiwätkin pellawaisiksi. Siitä oli wain askel warsinaiseen pumpuliteollisuuteen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mutta jota enemmän pumpuli pääsi Wladimirin tehtaissa käytäntöön, sitä enemmän wärjärien walta luisti wieraisiin käsiin. Pumpuli oli 1700-luwulla tuotu Wenäjälle enimmiten Aasiasta, mutta 19:nnen wuosisadan alusta Englannin kautta tuotu amerikkalainen pumpuli wei aasialaisesta kokonaan woiton. Nyt oli kauppiaan ja kokeneenkin kauppiaan wälitys tarpeen, sillä harwoinhan Wladimirin talonpoikainen tehtailija osasi muuta kieltä kuin wenättä ja wielä harwemmin hän kaupasta tiesi muuta kuin mitä kotikylässään tahi Nishnin markkinoilla oli oppinut. Luottoa hänellä, tuntemattoman, puoleksi aasialaisen Sisä-Wenäjän liikemiehellä, Liwerpoolissa ja muissa ostopaikoissa tietysti ei woinut olla ollenkaan. Ja wähän oli sitä noihin aikoihin Moskowan umpiwenäläisellä  kauppiasluokallakaan. Wäkisinkin ulkomaalainen siinä pääsi wälimieheksi ja saawutti semmoisesta poikkeusasemasta koituwan waikutuswallan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tiedetään, miten jo Pietari Suuren aikana ja jo ennenkin Moskowassa oli länsi-eurooppalainen siirtokunta, enimmäkseen saksalaisia, johon sitten 18:nnella ja 19:nnellä wuosisadalla yhä tuli uusia aineksia. Kauppa, oudoissa oloissa kyllä waarallinen, mutta jos onnistui, suunnattomia rikkauksia lupaawa kauppa, warsiniin oli heidän ammattinaan. Ja sen merkityksen tulokkaat tällä alalla saiwat, että Gäwernitzin mukaan Saksa wielä nykyäänkin on Moskowan pörssissä waltakielenä. He oliwat usein yhtä kotonaan  Englannissa kuin Saksassa. Idässä oliwat he lännen, lännessä idän edustajia. Oli niinmuodoin luonnollista, etta pumpulin tuonti Wenäjälle joutui miltei yksinomaan heidän käsiinsä. Siitä alkaen oli kangasteollisuuden kehitys ensi sijassa heidän tarmostaan ja heidän älystään riippuwa. Ilman heidän järkewätä myötäwaikutustaan kaikki jäi entiseen, kehittymättömään tilaansa, heidän tukemanaan Keski-Wenäjän pumpuliteollisuus saattoi nousta ja onkin noussut ääretöntä waltakuntaa hallitsewaksi suurteollisuudeksi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On wallankin yksi mies, jonka elämäntyö erottamattomasti liittyy puheenaolewaan jaksoon Wenäjän teollisuuden historiassa ja joka suuremmoisella toiminnallaan — josta ei kuitenkaan esim. Brockhausin konwersatsiooni-sanakirjassa eikä muissa tawallisissa esityksissä mitään mainita — on määrännyt satojen tuhansien kohtalon uudessa isänmaassaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ludvig Knoop. joka kuoli w. 1894 wenäliseksi parooniksi korotettuna, oli syntynyt w. 1821 Saksassa, Bremenissä. Palweltuaan ensin  kauppaoppilaana kotikaupungissaan, wietti hän wuoden Manchesterissa, perehtyen siellä pumpulitawarain walmistukseen ja kauppaan ja siirtyi sitten w. 1839, siis wielä peräti nuorella ijällä, erään englantilaisen kauppahuoneen edustajana Moskowaan. Täällä hän pian kotiutui ja saawutti itsenäisen, sitten wuosien wieriessä suorastaan waltawan aseman. On wäitetty, että hänen oli tästä menestyksestä kiittäminen hywää watsaansa, ja kyllähän sulatusneuwoja sen ajan moskowalaisessa kauppaelämässä kysyttiinkin, sampanja kun walui wirtana eikä suinkaan ruokiakaan säästetty. Olkoon, mutta — niinkuin prosessori Gäwernitz huomauttaa - kyllä pääkin oli hywä. Nuorella saksalaisella oli liikemieheksi syntyneen neron teräwä silmä huomaamaan, mihin kukin kelpasi ja mihin asti toiseen käwi luottaminen. Hän oiwalsi. mitä äärettömiä mahdollisuuksia Wenäjä tarjosi teollisuudelle, ja hän ymmärsi myöskin, mitä tietä oli kulkeminen. Alku laskettiin, kun muuan Morosow-suwun jäseniä 1840-luwulla uskoi Knoupin toimeksi perustaa hänelle Moskowan läheisyyteen ja asettaa täyteen liikekuntoon suuren pumpulitehtaan englantilaiseen malliin. Asia kohtasi lukemattomia waikeuksia, mutta tawattomalla jäntewyydellä Kuoop, Englanlannissa eläwän weljensä auttamana, pääsi perille. Koneet tuliwat kun tuliwatkin, niitä seurasi englantilaiset insinöörit ja työnjohtajat, ja ennen pitkää tehdas oli käynnissä. Taloudellinen tulos oli Knoopille itselleen niin kuin Morosoweillekin mainio. Tätä ensimmäistä tehdasta länsi-eurooppalaiseen malliin seurasi pian toinen, sitten kolmas ja wallankin Aleksander II:sen noustua waltaistuimelle eneniwät Knoopin wälityksellä perustetut kehruulaitokset  ja kutomot nopeaan. Knoopin kuollessa luettiin niitä koko joukon toista sataa. Wenäjällä käwikin sananparreksi: "Ei kirkkoa ilman paappia, ei tehdasta ilman Knooppia".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eikä toimeliaan ulkomaalaisen merkitys tys rajoitu tähän tehtaitten perustamiseen. Enimmiten oli hänen kätensä mukana wielä silloinkin kuin laitos jo aikoja sitten oli käynnissä. Monasti oli hän yrityksessä osakkaana ja jonkun luottamusmiehensä kautta yhtiön hallituksessakin waikuttamassa. Kutomatehtaisiin toimitti hän — muut kykeniwät harwoin tekemään sen yhtä huokeaan - länsimailta pumpulilangat, niin kauan kuin ei näitä wielä paljon Wenäjällä kudottu; sittemmin toimitti hän kehruulaitoksiin pumpulin. Kun hallitus korkeilla tuontitulleilla waikeutti amerikkalaisen pumpulintuonnin, oli Knoop niitä, jotka Wenäjän  transkaspisissa alueissa hankkiwat itselleen suuria pumpuliwiljelyksiä. Sen ohessa toimi hän tehtailijain pankkiirina, joka oli sitä tärkeämpää kuin wekselien diskonttaus noihin aikoihin oli ja wielä nytkin on Wenäjällä kowin kallista. Luottaen hänen taattuun kykyynsä ja olojen tuntemiseensa,  englantilaiset antoiwat hänelle koneet ja pumpulin welaksi, joka teki hänelle mahdolliseksi myöntää tawattoman laajaa krediittiä wenäläisille liikeystävilleen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jo nämä asianhaarat riittävät pääasiassa selittämään. mistä se waltava waikutus lähti, jota parooni Knoop Wenäjän pumpuliteollisuudessa harjoitti ja joka muun muassa ilmeni siinä, että pumpulilankojen hinta Moskowan pörssissä miltei yksinomaan riippui hänen määräyksestään. Vaan olipa tällä wallanasemalla aivan erityinenkin perustuksensa. Knoop ei ollut rajoittanut toimintaansa Sisä-Wenäjän teollisuuteen; jo w. 1857 hän oli  Kränholmissa, lähellä Narwaa Inkerinmaalla, ostanut mahtawan kosken ja rakentanut sinne pumpulitehtaan, joka wähitellen laajeni suurimmaksi koko Wenäjällä. Täällä lähellä meren rannikkoa, jonne ulkomaisten koneitten tuonti ei käy niin kalliiksi kuin Moskowaan, ja wäestön keskuudessa, joka englantilaisen tirehtöörin vakuutuksen mukaan suorittaa tehtävänsä älykkäämmin kuin Keski-Wenäjän työmies, kehitti Knoop laitoksensa sellaiseen etewyyteen, että professori Gäwernitz myöntää sen kaikin puolin olevan Saksan etewimpien pumpulitehtaitten tasalla. Saawutettu tuotemäärä on työmiestä kohti paljo suurempi kuin Moskowassa ja wieläkin suurempi kuin Wladimirissa. Tuotanto on Kronholmissa  huokeampaa, ja osittain tästäkin syystä Knoop kuolemaansa saakka  säilytti waltasijansa Wenäjän pumpuliteollisuudessa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mutta kehitys ei ollut tuohon päättywä, Wiimeiset wuodet owat jo näyttäneet, että Knoopm jälkeläisten on mahdoton ylläpitää toiminimen entistä waikutusta. Syy ei ole kywyttömyys, waan wähitellen muuttuneet ja yhä muuttuwat olot. Moskovan tehtailijasuwut, Morosowit. Kljudowit,  Maljutinit y, m., jotka Knoop kohotti suhteellisesti wähäpätöisestä asemasta maailman suurtehtailijain riwiin, ovat jo woittaneet tahi woittavat paraikaa itsenäisyytensä. Eiwät enää tarwitse syrjäisen tarjoamia kainalosauwoja. Puhtaasti wenäläiset toiminimet alkawat nekin olla tuttuja länsimailla, joiden kauppakonttoreissa ja tehtaissa niiden nuoremmat jäsenet usein wiettävät wuosikausia. Englantilainen niinkuin amerikkalainenkin uskoo niille jo welaksi ja tehtailijat rupeawat sen tähden yhä enemmän ottamaan koneitten ja pumpulin tuonnin omiin käsiinsä. Kauppias jää siinä syrjään. Nuorempien Knoopien taloudellinen merkitys, joka kyllä sekin edelleen on erittäin suuri, perustunee ensi sijassa laajaan pankkiiritoimeen, jolla he tuntuwasti helpottawat teollisuuden ja wallankin kangasteollisuuden harjoittamista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Näin on siis wanhassa tsaarien kaupungissa ja laajassa maakunnassa sen ympärillä, osittain epäwapaitten hoitamien liikkeitten jatkona,  pumpuliteollisuus kasvanut suurteollisuudeksi kaikkein huomattawinta laatua. Tosin se ei länsimailla kykene kilpailuun, ja Puolassa, samoin kuin Itämeren maakunnissa on oma, elinvoimainen pumpuliteollisuutensa.&lt;br /&gt;Mutta sisäinen ja itäinen Wenäjä, ja sitten vielä kauempana aasialaiset alusmaat, tarjoawat Moskowan ja Wladimirin pumpulitehtaille werrattomat markkinat. Jokainen peninkulma lisää, jonka weturi pääsee eteenpäin Aasian aroilla, ja jokainen puuta viljaa, joka enentää Wenäjän wientiä ja wenäläisen talonpojan ostokykyä, kohottaa näiden markkinain merkitystä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Slawofiilit ovat uneksineet, ettei muka rahawaltaa Wenäjällä koskaan synny. Wastaukseksi professori Gäwernitz wiittaa  teollisuuden nostattamiin raharuhtinaisiin. Wi milloinkaan hän yhtä eläwästi kun juuri Moskowan katuja astuessaan tuntenut olewansa paikkakunnalla, jossa nykyajan kapitalismi, pääoma seurauksineen, kaswamistaan kaswaa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luomme wielä lopuksi katsahduksen työväenoloihin Wenäjän kangasteollisuudessa.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-8482100268516783511?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/8482100268516783511/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=8482100268516783511' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8482100268516783511'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8482100268516783511'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/10/wenajan-teollisuuselamasta.html' title='Wenäjän teollisuuselämästä.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2308125648182269136</id><published>2011-10-30T11:28:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T11:29:49.955+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='neuvot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Manufacturer and Builder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maaliaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1881'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1880-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Cheap Paint</title><content type='html'>Manufacturer and builder 10, 1881&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A cheap paint is made for brick walls by simply mixing up good hydraulic cement in water, and applying with a whitewash brush. The natural tint is neutral and pleasing, but may readily be varied. This paint cannot be washed off by storms nor peeled off by the sun.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2308125648182269136?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2308125648182269136/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2308125648182269136' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2308125648182269136'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2308125648182269136'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/10/cheap-paint.html' title='A Cheap Paint'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4205271695920037428</id><published>2011-07-19T13:10:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2011-07-19T13:10:16.056+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värinkesto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Suomen teollisuuslehti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1902'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1900-l alku'/><title type='text'>Värien pysyväisyydestä valossa.</title><content type='html'>Suomen Teollisuuslehti 1/1902.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="float:right; width:25%; margin:1em;font-size: 85%; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;Artikkelin Coloriastolle lähettänyt Martti Kujansuu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kirj. V. M. J. V.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nykyajan väritekniikka ei eroa edeltäjistään ainoastaan siinä, että se on keksinyt tuhansia kauniita värejä meidän kauneudenaistimme kehittämiseksi; sen harras tarkoituskin paljastaa kaikkien värien niin hyvät kuin huonot ominaisuudet, [?] tuoda tietoomme ne olosuhteet, joissa kukin niistä parhaiten on käytettävissä, antaa jo sille uudenaikaisen leiman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tunnettua on, että valolla, ilmalla, hapoilla, hankautumisella, pesolla j. n. e. on paljon sanottavaa jokapäiväisessä elämässä väreihin nähden. Värjäämmehän kankaan, joka tulee olemaan esim. ilman, valon ja peson alaisena, mieluimmin sellaisilla väreillä, joiden tiedämme näitä kestävän, eli olevan niihin nähden "ehtoja". Kun kuitenkin kaikkia ulkonaisia vaikuttimia yht'aikaa kestäviä värejä noiden tuhansien joukossa löytyy vaan muutaia, ja toiset näinollen tulisivat hyvin vähän käytetyiksi, on väritekniikka tehnyt parhaansa asiaa auttaakseen. Sopivia keinoja käyttäen onkin sen onnistunut tehdä niin luonnontuottamista kuin keinotekoisista väreistä sellaisia nyansseja, jotka erikoisiin tilaisuuksiin sovittaen ovat kokolailla "ehtoja". Täten on itse "ehta" sanan merkityskin lähemmin spesialiseerautunut. Puhummehan jo väreistä, jotka ovat omiaan siihen ja tähän tarkoitukseen, koska ne ovat "valoehtoja", "pesoehtoja" j. n. e.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seuraavassa tahdomme lyhyesti mainita muutamia havaintoja, joiden tarkoituksena olisi näyttää, mihin tuloksiin tähän saakka on tultu valon vaikutukseen nähden väreihin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ranskalainen kemisti Chevreul on ehkä ensimäisiä niistä, jotka ovat tutkineet valon vaikutusta väreihin. Hänen havaintojensa mukaan, riippuu värin pysyväisyys muiden muassa paljon kudontaan käytetyn raaka-aineen laadusta. Niinpä kestävät värit yleensä paremmin villalla kuin pumpulilla. Silkillä pysyvät ne keskinkertaisesti. Missä määrin vielä muut ulkonaiset vaikuttimet tulevat valolle avuksi värejä jävittäessä, sen näyttää meille pieni koe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Panemme tätä varten kappaleita värjätystä pumpuli- ja villakankaasta vaonvaikutuksen alaiseksi siten että kappale kumamstakin on tyhjässä paikassa ja märässä huoneessa, höyryssä ja vetykaasussa. Tällöin huomaamme, ttä värit sellaiset kuin rseille, safraniini- ja indigokarmiini hyvin sukkelaan muuttuvat kosteessa ilmassa, aivan vähän kuivassa; ilmattomassa paikassa ja vetyatmosföörissä ovat ne sen sijaan jääneet koskemattomiksi. Tästä voidaan päättää, että valo yksin, saamatta apua ilmalta ja kosteudelta, voi hyvin vähäsen vaikuttaa väreihin. Samaan tosiasiaan perustuu myöskin entinen valkaisutapa niityllä, jolloin valo ilman hapen, ozoonin ja kosteuden avulla teki kankaamme valkoiseksi.  Väriaineiden liaalistumista onkin sentähden yleensä pidetty jonkinlaisena hapettumisena. Merkillisen poikkeuksen kaikista muista väreistä valoon nähden, tekee preussinsininen, se kun sekä ilmattomassa että ilmallisessa paikassa vain osittain kadottaa värinsä, jonka se sitten pimeässä taasen ottaa takaisin.  Niin monta huonoa selitystä kuin tästä ilmiöstä lie tehtykin, pitänee olla yhtämieltä pääasiaan nähden siinä, että tässä on reduktsiooni kysymyksessä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Näyttääpä itse valon laatukin suuresti vaikuttavan värien kestävyyteen. Esimerkiksi indigosiniväri, joka samojen olosuhteiden vallitessa on asetettu talvisen ja kesäisen valon vaikutuksen alaisiksi, vaalistuu jälkimäisen käsissä paljoa enemmän kuin edellinen. Tämä lie ehkä jossain yhteydessä sen kanssa, mitä tieteelliset kokeet sanovat valsota. Valkeassa valossa näet siniset valosäteet ovat paljoa väkevämpiä kemiallisesti kuin punaiset.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kestävimmät värit valoon nähden villalla ovat preussin-sininen ja indigo. Kurkuma, orseille, katechu ja indigokarmiini ovat jo vähemmän pysyviä. Peiton kanssa värjättävistä väreistä ovat luonnontuoteet krapp, (keinotekoisena alizariini) ja cochenille parhaimmat. Onpa jälkimäinen edellistä hiukan kestävämpikin, koska se vasta 3 kuukautisen valaistuksen jälkeen auringon paisteessa vaan vähäsen on muuttunut, kun sitävastoin turkinpunainen (krappi; alizari.) jo tänä aikana antaa arveluttavia merkkejä kestävyydestään, ja sitä enemmän missä määrin värjätessä siihen tinaa on käytetty. Tämä on sanottu näistä väreistä villalla. Pumpulilla taasen pysyy alizariinipunanen paljoa paremmin, jos se sisältää hiukan tinaa, kuin pelkälle aluminiumipeitolle värjättynä.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luonnosta saatavat väriaineet kuten santali, brasili ja fustelpuu tekevät aina huonoja värejä olipa peitto mitä tahansa. Quercitrone, wau ja kreuzbeere kromin, kuparin ja raudan kanssa värjättyinä ovat kokolailla "ehtoja" valoja vastaan. Saman ominaisuus on aluminiumilakallakin. Kampeche antaa sinertävänmustan värin kuparille ja on hyvin kestävä; aluminiumi-tinanyansit sitävastoin ovat vähemmän suositeltavia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Silkillä ovat luonnosta tulevat peittovätir milt'ei yhtä "ehtoja" kuin villalla. Ovatpa muutamat kuten katechu ja brasili vielä kestävämpiäkin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Puuvillalla ovat useammat luonnon peittovärit hyvin pysymättömiä valossa. Parhain poikkeus näistä on krappi turkinpunasena värjättynä aluminiumien kanssa, sekä mustana raudalla peitattuna. Cochenille tekee vaan pysymättömiä nyansseja. Kaseinin kanssa kankaalle kiinnitettynä kestää sen ruusunpuna varsin hyvin 3 kuukautisen auringonvalon. Tavallisella tavalla krapilla tehty "ruusa" ei ole läheskään niin "valoehtaa".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muutamilla aineilla on merkillinen ominaisuus estää valoa epäedullisesti vaikuttamasta väreihin. Sellaisia ovat quercitrona ja wau, jos niitä sekotetaan kampechella tehtyyn mustaan. Nyanssi ei entisestään paljon muutu vaikka siinä onkin keltaista joukossa. Sen sijaan kasvaa värin vastustuskyky valoon nähden suuresti. Tämä ilmiö lie parhaiten selitettävissä siten, että quercitronalla, waulla ja yleensä kaikilla keltaisilla väreillä on kyky imeä itseensä ne kemialliset säteet valosta, jotka juuri ovat vaarallisimmat kysymyksessä oleviin väreihin nähden. Muuten ovat keltaiset värit kuten kreuzbeeere, quercitrona, wau y. m. kromin kanssa värjättyinä hyvin valoa kestäviä, jos niihin pannaan vähäisen etikkahappoista-tinaa joukkoon. Kyypissä värjätty indigo ja kromeerattu katechu ovat myöskin luettavat parhaimpien "valoehtavärien" joukkoon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keinotekoiset peitalla värjätävät värit tekevät myöskin kokolailla valoa kestäviä nyansseja samoissa olosuhteissa kuin luonnolliset lakkaväritkin. Tanniinin kanssa värjättävät emäksiset värit ovat yleensä hyvin vähän "ehtoja" valossa. Sellaiset kuin methylenblau ja induliinit kestävät kuitenkin jotakuinkin hyvin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keinotekoiset peitalla värjättävät värit tekevät myöskin kokolailla valoa kestäviä nyansseja samoissa olosuhteissa kuin luonnolliset lakkaväritkin. Tanniinin kanssa värjättävät emäksiset värit ovat yleensä hyvin vähän "ehtoja" valossa. Sellaiset kuin methylenblau ja indulinit kestävät kuitenkin jotakuinkin hyvin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Happamien - villalle ja silkille - värjättävien värien joukossa tapaamme useita "ehtoja" värejä. Sellaisia ovat ponceaux, bordeaux ja keltaset värit yleensä. Huonoja ovat sen sijaan miltei poikkeuksetta kaikki siniset ja viheriäiset. Mustat ja violetit ovat keskinkertaisia. Substantiiviset eli ilman peittaa puuvillalle ottavat värit eivät yleensä ole "valoehtoja". Villalle ja silkille käytettynä värjäävät useat diaminivärit kuitenkin kokolailla kestävästi. Löytyypä muutamia keltaisia ja orangeja, jotka tekevät vallan "valoehtoja" nyansseja silkillä. Yleensä voipi sanoa, että n. s. biazovärit ovat paljoa pysyvämpiä valossa kuin tavalliset azot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keinotekoiset peitalla värjättävät värit tekevät myöskin kokolailla valoa kestäviä nyansseja samoissa olosuhteissa kuin luonnolliset lakkaväritkin. Tanniinin kanssa värjättävät emäksiset värit ovat yleensä hyvin vähän "ehtoja" valossa. Sellaiset kuin methylenblau ja indulinit kestävät kuitenkin jotakuinkin hyvin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Happamien - villalle ja silkille - värjättävien värien joukossa tapaamme useita "ehtoja" värejä. Sellaisia ovat ponceaux, bordeaux ja keltaiset värit yleensä. Huonoja ovat sen sijaan miltei poikkeuksetta kaikki siniset ja viheriäiset. Mustat ja violetit ovat keskinkertaisia. Substantiiviset eli ilman peittaa puuvillalle ottavat värit eivät yleensä ole "valoehtoja". Villalle ja silkille käytettynä värjäävät useat diaminivärit kuitenkin kokolailla kestävästi. Löytyypä muutamia keltaisia ja orangeja, jotka tekevät vallan "valoehtoja" nyansseja silkillä. Yleensä voipi sanoa, että n. s. biazovärit ovat paljoa pysyvämpiä valossa kuin tavalliset azot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eikö sitten löydy mitään keinoa tehdä niitä keinotekoisia värejä, jotka luonnostaan eivät ole "valoehtoja", kestäväksi valossa? Tämän suuntaisia kokeita kysymyksen ratkaisemiseksi on tehty paljon. Parhain lie kuitenkin se menetystapa, joka erityisesti on näyttöytynyt sopivaksi n. s. tetrazoväreille, nimittäin kuparisuolojen käyttäminen. Myöskin emäksiset värit kuten fuksiini, methylvioletti ja malachitviheriä kuparisuoloilla päällystettyinä näkyivät antavan "valoehtoja" nyansseja, joskin ne samalla kadottavat tavallisen tutun värinsä. Ylipäänsä näkyy kuparilla olevan taipumus varjella minkä värin tahansa va[i]lon va[i]kutukselta. Tuntuu montasti mahdottomalta ajatella, että kupari tällöin muodostaisi jonkinlaisen lajan käsiläolevan väriaineen kanssa. Parhaimmassa tapauksessa lie se jonkinlaisena kerroksena kankaan päällä, ja varustettuna sellaisilla ominaisuuksilla, että se voi ryöstää valolta sen voimakkaimmat säteet. Kun vielä lisäämme, että viimeaikoina kauppaan tulleet lukuisat rikkivärit kuuluvat myöskin niihin väreihin, jotka parhaiten kestävät valoa, voimme jäädä vastaiseksi uusia tutkimuksia odottamaan.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4205271695920037428?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4205271695920037428/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4205271695920037428' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4205271695920037428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4205271695920037428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/07/varien-pysyvaisyydesta-valossa.html' title='Värien pysyväisyydestä valossa.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-192151823250255407</id><published>2011-05-11T02:02:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T02:02:54.326+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='berliinin- t. preussinsininen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Prussian blue, and Prussiate of Potash.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PRUSSIAN BLUE, and PRUSSIATE OF POTASH, are two important articles of chemical manufacture, which must be considered together. The first is called by English chemists, &lt;em&gt;Ferrocyanodide of iron, the Cyanure ferroso-ferrique&lt;/em&gt; of Berzelius, &lt;em&gt;Eisenblausaures eisenoxyd&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;eisencyanür + eisencyanid&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.; the second is called &lt;em&gt;Ferrocyanodide of potassium&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;Cyanure ferroso-potassique&lt;/em&gt; of Berzelius; &lt;em&gt;Eisencyanur-kalium, cyaneisen + cyankalium&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;Blausaures eisenoxydul-kali&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prussian blue (&lt;em&gt;Berliner-blau&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.), is a chemical compound of iron and cyanogen. When organic matters, abounding in nitrogen, as dried blood, horns, hair, skins, or hoofs of animals, are triturated along with potash in a strongly ignited iron pot, a dark gray mass is obtained, that affords to water the liquor originally called &lt;em&gt;lixivium sanguinis,&lt;/em&gt; or blood-ley, which, by evaporation, yields lemon-colored crystals in large rectangular tables, bevelled at the edges. This salt is called in commerce, prussiate of potash, and has for its ultimate constituents, potassium, iron, oxygen, and hydrogen (the latter two in such proportions as to form water), and the peculiar compound &lt;em&gt;Cyanogen&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;em&gt;blaustoff&lt;/em&gt; of the Germans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These crystals consist, in 100 parts, of potassium 37.02, iron 12.82, cyanogen 37.40, water 12.76; or, cyanide of potassium 61.96, cyanide of iron 25.28, and water 12.76. They may be represented also by the following composition: 44.58 of potassa, 38.82 of hydrocyanic or prussic acid, and 16.60 of oxide of iron, in 100 parts; but the first appears to be their true chemical constitution. Dry ferrocyanodide of potassium is a compound of one atom of cyanide of iron, 54=(28+26), and 2 atoms of cyanide of potassium, 132,=(26x2+40x2); the sum being 186; hydrogen being 1.0 in the scale of equivalents. The crystals of prussiate of potash are nearly transparent, soft, of a sweetish saline and somewhat bitterish taste, soluble in 4 parts of water at 52&amp;deg; F., and in 1 part boiling water, but insoluble in alcohol. They are permanent in the air at ordinary temperatures, but in a moderately warm stove-room they part with 12 3/4 per cent. of water, without losing their form or coherence, and becomes thereby a white friable anhydrous ferrocyanodide of potassium, consisting of 42.44 potassium, 42.87 cyanogen, and 14.69 iron, in 100 parts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This salt is an excellent reagent for distinguishing metals from each other, as the following TABLE of the precipitates which it throws down from their saline solutions will show:-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Metallic solutions. - colour of precipitate.&lt;br /&gt;Antimony - white.&lt;br /&gt;Bismuth - white.&lt;br /&gt;Cadmium - white, a little yellowish.&lt;br /&gt;Cerium (protoxide) - white, soluble in acids.&lt;br /&gt;Cobalt - green, soon turning to reddish-gray.&lt;br /&gt;Copper (protoxide) - white, changing to red.&lt;br /&gt;- Do. (peroxyde) - brown-red.&lt;br /&gt;Iron (protoxide) - white, rapidly turning blue.&lt;br /&gt;- Do. (peroxyde) - dark blue.&lt;br /&gt;Lead - white, with a yellowish cast.&lt;br /&gt;Manganese (protoxide) - white, turning quickly peach or blood-red.&lt;br /&gt;Manganese (deutoxide) - greenish-gray.&lt;br /&gt;Mercury (protoxide) - white.&lt;br /&gt;- Do. (peroxyde) - white, turning blue.&lt;br /&gt;Molybdenum - dark brown.&lt;br /&gt;Nickel (oxyde) - white, turning greenish.&lt;br /&gt;Palladium (protoxide) - green (gelatinous.)&lt;br /&gt;Silver - white, turning brown in the light.&lt;br /&gt;Tantalum - yellow, dark burned color.&lt;br /&gt;Tin (protoxide) - white, (gelatinous.)&lt;br /&gt;- Do. (peroxyde) - yellow, do.&lt;br /&gt;Uranium - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;Zinc - white.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No precipitations ensue with solutions of the alkaline or earthy salts, except that of yttria, which is white; nor with those of gold, platinum, rhodium, iridium, osmium, (in concentrated solutions) tellurium, chromium, tungsterium. All the precipitates by the ferrocyanodide of iron, are double compounds of cyanide of iron with cyanide of the metal thrown down, which is produced by the reciprocal decomposition of the cyanide of potassium and the peculiar metallic oxide present in the solution. The precipitate from the sulphate of copper has a fine brown color, and has been used as a pigment; but it is somewhat transparent, and therefore does not cover well. The precipitate from the peroxyde salts of iron is a very intense Prussian blue, called on the continent, Paris blue. It may be regarded as a compound of prussiate of protoxide and prussiate of peroxyde of iron; or as a double cyanide of the protoxide and peroxyde of iron, as the denomination &lt;em&gt;cyanure ferroso-ferrique&lt;/em&gt; denotes. In numbers, its composition may be therefore stated thus: prussic or hydrocyanic acid, 48.48; protoxide of iron, 20.73; peroxyde of iron, 30.79; or cyanogen, 46.71; iron, 37.36; water, 15.93; which represent its constitution when it is formed by precipitation with the prussiate of potash or a salt of iron that contains no protoxide. If the iron be but partially peroxidized in the salt, it will afford a precipitate, at first pale blue, which turns dark blue in the air, consisting of a mixture of prussiate of protoxide and prussiate of peroxyde. In fact, the white cyanide of iron (the prussiate of the pure protoxide), when exposed to the air in a moist condition, becomes, as above stated, dark blue; yet the new combination formed in this case through absorption of oxygen, is essentially different from that resulting from the precipitation by the peroxyde of iron, since it contains an excess of the peroxyde in addition to the usual two cyanides of iron. It has been therefore called &lt;em&gt;called&lt;/em&gt; Prussian blue, and, from its dissolving in pure water, &lt;em&gt;soluble&lt;/em&gt; Prussian blue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both kinds of Prussian blue agree in being void of taste and smell, in attracting humidity from the air when they are artificially dried, and being decomposed at a heat above 348&amp;deg; F. The neutral or insoluble Prussian blue is not affected by alcohol; the basic, when dissolved in water, is not precipitated by that liquid. Neither is acted upon by dilute acids; but they form with concentrated sulphuric acid a white pasty mass, from which they are again reproduced by the action of cold water. They are decomposed by strong sulphuric acid at a boiling heat, and by strong nitric acid at common temperatures; but they are hardly affected by the muriatic. They become green with chlorine, but resume their blue colour when treated with disoxidizing reagents. When Prussian blue is digested in warm water along with potash, soda, or lime, peroxyde of iron is separated, and a ferroprussiate of potash, soda, or lime remains in solution. If the Prussian blue has been previously purified by boiling in dilute muriatic acid, and washing with water, it will afford by this treatment a solution of ferrocyanodide of potassium, from which by evaporation this salt may be obtained in its purest crystalline state. When the powdered Prussian blue is diffused in boiling water, and digested with red oxide of mercury, it parts with all its oxide of iron, and forms a solution of bi-cyanodide, improperly called prussiate of mercury; consisting of 79.33 mercury, and 20.67 cyanogen; or, upon the hydrogen equivalent scale, of 200 mercury, and 52=(26x2) cyanogen. When this salt is gently ignited, it affords gaseous cyanogen. Hydrocyanic or prussic acid, which consists of 1 atom of cyanogen = 26, +1 of hydrogen = 1, is prepared by distilling the mercurial bi-cyanide in a glass retort with the saturating quantity of dilute muriatic acid. Prussic acid may also be obtained by precipitating the mercury by sulphureted hydrogen gas from the solution of its cyanide; as also by distilling the ferrocyanide of potassium along with dilute sulphuric acid. Prussic acid is a very volatile light fluid, eminently poisonous, and is spontaneously decomposed by keeping, especially when somewhat concentrated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having expounded the chemical constitution of Prussian blue and prussiate of potash, I shall now treat of their &lt;em&gt;manufacture upon the commercial scale.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1- &lt;em&gt;Of blood-ley&lt;/em&gt;, the phlogisticated alkali of Scheele. Among the animal substances used for the preparation of this lixivium, blood deserves the preference, where it can be had --- enough[?]. It must be evaporated to perfect dryness, reduced to powder, and sifted. Hoofs, parings of horns, hides, old woollen rags, and other animal offals, are, however, generally had recourse to, as condensing most azotized matter in the smallest bulk. Dried funguses have been also prescribed. These animal matters may either be first carbonized in cast iron cylinders, as for the manufacture of &lt;em&gt;sal ammoniac&lt;/em&gt; (which see), and the residual charcoal may be then taken for making the ferroprussiate; or the dry animal matters may be directly employed. The latter process is apt to be exceedingly offensive to the workmen and neighborhood, from the nauseous vapors that are exhaled in it. Eight pounds of horn (hoofs), or ten pounds of dry blood, afford upon an average one pound of charcoal. This must be mixed well with good pearlash, (freed previously from most of the sulphate of potassa, with which it is always contaminated), either in the dry way, r by soaking the bruised charcoal with a strong solution of the alkali; the proportion being one part of carbonate of potassa from 1&amp;frac12; to 2 parts of charcoal, or to about eight parts of hard animal matter. Gautier has proposed to calcine three parts of dry blood with one of nitre; with what advantage to the manufacturer,  I cannot discover.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1055.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pot for calcining the mixture of animal and alkaline matter is egg-shaped as represented at a, fig. 928, and is considerably narrowed at the neck e, to facilitate the closing of the mouth with a lid i. It is made of cast iron, about two inches thick in the belly and bottom; this strength being requisite because the chemical action of the materials wears the metal fast away. It should be built into the furnace in a direction sloping downwards, (more than is shown in the figure), and have a strong knob b, projecting from its bottom to support it upon the back wall, while its should is embraced at the arms c, c, by the brickwork in front. The interior of the furnace is so formed as to leave but a space of a few inches round the pot, in order to make the flame play closely over its whole surface. The fire-door f, and the draughthole z, of the ash-pit, are placed in the posterior part of the furnace, in order that the workmen may not be incommoded by the heat. The smoke vent o, issues through the arched top h of the furnace, towards the front, and is thence led backwards by a flue to the main chimney of the factory. d is and iron or stone shelf, inserted before the mouth of the pot, to prevent loss in shovelling out the semi-liquid paste. The pot may be half filled with the materials.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The calcining process is different, according as the animal substances are fresh or carbonized. In the first case, the pot must remain open, to allow of diligent stirring of its contents, with a slightly bent flat iron bar or scoop, and of introducing more of the mixture as the intumescence subsides, during a period of five or six hours, till the nauseous vapors cease to rise, till the flame becomes smaller and brighter, and till a smell of ammonia be perceived. At this time, the heat should be increased, the mouth of the pot should be shut, and opened only once every half hour, for the purpose of working the mass with the iron paddle. When on opening the mouth of the pot, and stirring the pasty mixture, no more flame rises, the process is finished.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the animal ingredients are employed in a carbonized state, the pot must be shut as soon as its contents are brought to ignition by a briskly urged fire, and opened for a few seconds only every quarter of an hour, during the action of stirring. At first, a body of flame bursts forth every time that the lid is removed; but by degrees this ceases, and the mixture soon agglomerates, and then softens into a paste. Though the fire be steadily kept up, the flame becomes less and less each time that the pot is opened; and when it ceases, the process is at an end. The operation, with a mass of 50 pounds of charcoal and 50 pounds of purified pearlash, lasts about 12 hours, the first time that the furnace is kindled; but when the pot has been previously brought to a state of ignition, it takes only 7 or 8 hours. In a well-appointed factory, the fire should be invariably maintained at the proper pitch, and the pots should be worked with relays of operatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The molten mass is now to be scooped out with an appropriate iron shovel, having a long shank, and caused to cool in small portions, as quickly as possible; but not by throwing it into water, as has sometimes been prescribed; for in this way a good deal of the cyanogen is converted into ammonia. If it be heaped up and kept hot in contact with air, some of the ferrocyanide is also decomposed, with diminution of the product. The crude mass is to be then put into a pan with cold water, dissolved by the application of a moderate heat, and filtered through cloths. The charcoal which remains upon the filter possesses the properties of decoloring sirups, vinegars, &amp;c., and of destroying smells in a pre-eminent degree. It may also serve, when mixed with fresh animal coal, for another calcining operation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As the iron requisite for the formation of the ferrocyanide is in general derived from the sides of the pot, this is apt to wear out into holes, especially at its under side, where the heat is greatest. In this event, it may be taken out of the furnace, patched up with iron-rust cement, and re-inserted with the sound side undermost. The erosion of the pot may be obviated in some measure by mixing iron borings or cinder (hammerschlag) with the other materials, to the amount of one or two hundredths of the potash.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above lixivium is not a solution of pure ferroprussiate; it contains not a little cyanide of potassium, which in the course of the process had not absorbed the proper dose of iron to form a ferrocyanide; it contains also more or less carbonate of potash, with phosphate, sulphate, hydrogenated sulphuret, muriate, and sulpho-cyanide of the same base, as well as phosphate of lime; substances derived partly from the impure potash, and partly from the incinerated animal matters. Formerly that very complex impure solution was employed directly for the precipitation of Prussian blue; but now, in all well regulated works, it is converted by evaporation and cooling into crystallized ferroprussiate of potash. The mother-water is again evaporated and crystallized, whereby a somewhat inferior ferroprussiate is obtained. Before evaporating the ley, however, it is advisable to add as much solution of green sulphate of iron to it, as will re-dissolve the white precipitate of cyanide of iron which first falls, and thereby convert the cyanide of potassium, which is present in the liquor, into ferrocyanide of potassium. The commercial prussiate of potash may be rendered chemically pure by making its crystals effloresce in a stove, fusing them with a gentle heat in a glass retort, dissolving the mass in water, neutralizing any carbonate and cyanide of potash that may be present with acetic acid, then precipitating the ferroprussiate of potash by the addition of a sufficient quantity of alcohol, and finally crystallizing the precipitated salt over in water. The sulphate of potassa may be decomposed by acetate of baryta, and the resulting acetate of potassa removed by alcohol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;em&gt;The precipitation of Prussian blue.&lt;/em&gt; - Green sulphate of iron is always employed by the manufacturer, on account of its cheapness, for mixing with solution of the ferroprussiate, in forming Prussian blue, though the red sulphate, nitrate, or muriate of iron would afford a much richer blue pigment. Whatever salt of iron be preferred, should be carefully freed from any cupreous impregnation, as this would give the pure blue a dirty brownish cast. The green sulphate of iron is the most advantageous precipitant, on account of its affording protoxide, to convert into ferrocyanide any cyanide of potassium that may happen to be present in the uncrystallized lixivium. The carbonate of potash in that lixivium might be saturated with sulphuric acid before adding the solution of sulphate of iron; but it is more commonly done by adding a certain portion of alum; in which case, alumina falls along with the Prussian blue; and though it renders it somewhat paler, yet it proportionally increases its weight; whilst the acid of the alum saturates the carbonate of potash, and prevents its throwing down iron-oxyde, to degrade by its brown-red tint the tone of the blue. For every pound of pearlash used in the calcination, from two to three pounds of alum are employed in the precipitation. When a rich blue is wished for, the free alkali in the Prussian ley may be partly saturated with sulphuric acid, before adding the mingled solutions of copperas and alum. One part of the sulphate of iron is generally allowed for 15 or 20 parts of dried blood, and 2 or 3 of horn-shavings of hoofs. But the proportion will depend very much upon the manipulations, which, if skilfully conducted, will produce more of the cyanides of iron, and require more copperas to neutralize them. The mixed solutions of alum and copperas should be progressively added to the ley as long as they produce any precipitate. This is not a t first  a fine blue, but a greenish gray, in consequence of the admixture of some white cyanide of iron; it becomes gradually blue by the absorption of oxygen from the air, which is favored by agitation of the liquor. Whenever the colour seems to be as beautiful as it is likely to become, the liquor is to be run off by a spigot or cock from the bottom of the precipitation vats, into flat cisterns, to settle. The clear supernatant fluid, which is chiefly a solution of sulphate of potash, is then drawn off by a syphon; more water is run on with agitation to wash it, which after settling is again drawn off; and whenever the washings become tasteless, the sediment is thrown upon filter sieves, and exposed to dry, first in the air of a stove, but finally upon slabs of chalk or Paris plaster. But for several purposes, Prussian blue may be best employed in the fresh pasty state, as it then spreads more evenly over paper and other surfaces.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A good article is known by the following tests: it feels light in the hand, adheres to the tongue, has a dark lively blue color, and gives a smooth deep trace; it should not effervesce with acids, as when adulterated with chalk; nor become pasty with boiling water, as when adulterated with starch. The Paris blue, prepared without alum, with a peroxyde salt of iron, displays, when rubbed, a copper-red lustre, like indigo. Prussian blue, degraded in its colour by an admixture of free oxide of iron, may be improved by digestion in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, washing, and drying. Its relative richness in the real ferroprussiate of iron may be estimated by the quantity of potash or soda which a given quantity of it requires to destroy its blue color.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sulphureted hydrogen passed through Prussian blue diffused in water, whitens it; while prussic acid is eliminated, sulphur is thrown down, and the sesquicyanide of iron is converted into the single cyanide. Iron and tin operate in the same way. When Prussian blue is made with two atoms of ferrocyanide of potassium, instead of one, it becomes soluble in water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the mode of applying this pigment in dyeing, see Calico-printing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sesquiferrocyanate of potash&lt;/em&gt; is prepared by passing chlorine gas through a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium, till it becomes red, and ceases to precipitate the peroxyde salts of iron. The liquor yields, by evaporation, prismatic crystals, of a ruby-red transparency. They are soluble in 38 parts of water, and consist of 40-42 parts of sesquicyanide of iron, and 59-58 of cyanide of potassium. The solution of this salt precipitates the following metals, as stated in the table: -&lt;br /&gt;Bismuth - pale yellow.&lt;br /&gt;Cadmium - yellow.&lt;br /&gt;Cobalt - dark brown-red. &lt;br /&gt;Copper (protoxide) - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;- Do. (peroxyde) - yellow-green.&lt;br /&gt;Iron, protoxide salts of - blue.&lt;br /&gt;Manganese - brown. &lt;br /&gt;Mercury (protoxide) - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;Mercury (peroxyde) - yellow.&lt;br /&gt;Molybdenum - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;Nickel - yellow-green.&lt;br /&gt;Silver - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;Tin (protoxide) - white.&lt;br /&gt;Uranium - red-brown.&lt;br /&gt;Zinc - orange-yellow.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-192151823250255407?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/192151823250255407/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=192151823250255407' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/192151823250255407'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/192151823250255407'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-prussian-blue-and.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Prussian blue, and Prussiate of Potash.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1390462231630922753</id><published>2011-05-10T00:16:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T00:17:07.827+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia-kirjapaino'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='laitteet ja koneet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Printing machine.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PRINTING MACHINE. (&lt;em&gt;Typographie mécanique&lt;/em&gt;, Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Druckmaschine&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.) In reviewing those great eras of national industry, when the productive arts, after a long period of irksome vassalage, have suddenly achieved some new conquest over the inertia of matter, the contemplative mind cannot fail to be struck with the insignificant part which the academical philosopher has generally played in such memorable events.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Engrossed with barren syllogisms, or equational theorems, often little better than truisms in disguise, he nevertheless believes in the perfection of his attainments, and disdains to soil his hands with those handicraft operations at which all improvements in the arts must necessarily begin. He does not deem a manufacture worthy of his regard, till he has worked out its own grandeur and independence with patient labor and consummate skill. In this spirit the men of speculative science neglected for 60 years the steam engine of Newcomen, till the artisan Watt transformed it into an automatic prodigy; they have never deigned to illustrate by dynamical investigations the factory mechanisms of Arkwright, yet nothing in the whole compass of art deserves it so well; and though perfectly aware that revolvency is the leading law in the system of the universe, they have never thought of showing the workman that this was also the true principle of every automatic machine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These remarks seem to be peculiarly applicable to book-printing, an art invented for the honor of learning and the glory of the learned, though they have done nothing for its advancement; yet by the overruling bounty of Providence it has eventually served as the great teacher and guardian of the whole family of man.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%; float:left; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:25%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*On the recent improvements in printing, first delivered at the Royal Institution, February 22, 1828.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; It has been justly observed by Mr. Cowper, in his ingenious lecture,* that no improvement had been introduced in this important art, from its invention till the  year 1798, a period of nearly 350 years. In Dr. Dibdin's interesting account of printing, in the Bibliographical Decameron, may be seen representations of the early printing-presses, which exactly resemble the wooden presses in use at the present day. A new era has, however, now arrived, when the demands for prompt circulation of political intelligence require powers of printing newspapers beyond the reach of the most expeditious hand presswork.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%; float:left; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:25%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;** Lord Stanhope is the only man of learning whose name figures in the annals of typography.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; For the first essential modification of the old press, the world is indebted to the late Earl Stanhope.** His press is formed of iron, without any wood; the table upon which the form of types is laid, as well as the platen or surface which immediately gives the impression, is of cast iron, made perfectly level; the platen being large enough to print a whole sheet at one pull. The compression is applied by a beautiful combination of levers, which give motion to the screw, cause the platen to descend with progressively increasing force till it reaches the type, when the power approaches the maximum; upon the infinite lever principle, the power being applied to straighten an obtuse-angled jointed lever. This press, however, like all its flat-faced predecessors, does not act by a continuous, but a reciprocating motion, and can hardly be made automatic; nor does it much exceed the old presses in productiveness, since it can turn off only 250 impressions per hour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1046.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first person who publicly projected a self-acting printing-press, was Mr. William Nicholson, the able editor of the Philosophical Journal, who obtained a patent in 1790-1, for imposing types upon a cylindrical surface; this disposition of types, plates, and blocks, being a new invention (see fig. 913); 2, for applying the ink upon the surface of the types, &amp;c., by causing the surface of a cylinder smeared with the coloring-matter to roll over them; or else causing the types to apply themselves to the said cylinder. For the purpose of spreading the ink evenly over this cylinder, he proposed to apply three or more distributing rollers longitudinally against the inking cylinder, so that they might be turned by the motion of the latter. &lt;span style="font-size:85%; float:left; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:25%;"&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;The black parts in these little diagrams, 913-922, indicate the inking apparatus; the diagonal lines, the cylinders upon which the paper to be printed is applied; the perpendicular lines, the plates or types and the arrows show the track pursued by the sheet of paper. &lt;/span&gt; 3. "I perform," he says, "&lt;em&gt;all my impressions by the action&lt;/em&gt; of a cylinder, or cylindrical surface; that is, I cause the paper to pass between two cylinders, one of which has the form of types attached to it, and forming part of its surface; and the other is faced with cloth, and serves to press the paper so as to take off an impression of the colour previously applied; or otherwise I cause the form of types, previously colored, to pass in close and successive contact with the paper wrapped round a cylinder with woollen." (See figs. 913 and 914.)***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this description Mr. Nicholson indicates pretty plainly the principal parts of modern printing machines; and had he paid the same attention to any one part of his invention which he fruitlessly bestowed upon attempts to attach types to a cylinder, or had he bethought himself of curving stereotype plates, which were then beginning to be talked of, he would in all probability have realized a working apparatus, instead of scheming merely ideal plans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first operative printing machine was undoubtedly contrived by, and constructed under the direction of, M. König, a clockmaker from Saxony, who, so early as the year 1804, was occupied in improving printing-presses. Having failed to interest the continental printers in his views, he came to London soon after that period, and submitted his plans to Mr. T. Bensley, our celebrated printer, and to Mr. R. Taylor, now one of the editors of the Philosophical Magazine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These gentlemen afforded Mr. König and his assistant Bauer, a German mechanic, liberal pecuniary support. In 1811, he obtained a patent for a method of working a common hand-press by power; but after much expense and labor he was glad to renounce the scheme. He then turned his mind to the use of a cylinder for communicating the pressure, instead of a flat plate; and he finally succeeded, some time before the 28th November, 1814, in completing his printing automaton; for on that day the editors of the Times informed their readers that they were perusing for the first time a newspaper printed by steam-impelled machinery; it is a day, therefore, which will be ever memorable in the annals of typography.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1047a.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In that machine the form of type was made to traverse horizontally under the pressure cylinder, with which the sheet of paper was held in close embrace by means of a series of endless tapes. The ink was placed in a cylindrical box, from which it was extruded by means of a powerful screw, depressing a well-fitted piston; it then fell between two iron rollers, and was by their rotation transferred to several other subjacent rollers, which had not only a motion round their axes, but an alternating traverse motion (endwise). This system of equalizing rollers terminated in two which applied the ink to the types. (See. fig. 915.) This plan of inking evidently involved a rather complex mechanism, was hence difficult to manage, and sometimes required two hours to get into good working trim. It has been superseded by a happy invention of Mr. Cowper, to be presently described.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to obtain a great many impressions rapidly from the same form, a paper-conducting cylinder (one embraced by the paper) was mounted upon each side of the inking apparatus, the form being made to traverse under both of them. This double-action machine threw off 1100 impressions per hour when first finished; and by a subsequent improvement, no less than 1800.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. König's next feat was the construction of a machine for printing both sides of the newspaper at each complete traverse of the forms. This resembled two single machines, placed with their cylinders towards each other, at a distance of two or three feet; the sheet was conveyed from one paper cylinder to another, as before, by means of tapes; the track of the sheet exactly resembled the letter S laid horizontally, thus, on; and the sheet was turned over or reversed in the course of its passage. At the first paper cylinder it received the impression from the first form, and at the second it received t from the second form; whereby the machine could print 750 sheets of book letter-press on both sides in an hour. The new register apparatus was erected for Mr. T Bensley, in the year 1815, being the only machine made by Mr.König for printing upon both sides. See fig. 916.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1047b.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Messrs. Donkin and Bacon had for some years previous to this date been busily engaged with printing machines, and had indeed, in 1813, obtained a patent for an apparatus, in which the types were placed upon the sides of a revolving prism; the ink was applied by a roller, which rose and fell with the eccentricities of the prismatic surface, and the sheet was wrapped upon another prism fashioned so as to coincide with the eccentricities of the type prism. One such machine was erected for the University of Cambridge. (See Fig. 917.) It was a beautiful specimen of ingenious contrivance and good workmanship. Though it was found to be too complicated for common operatives, and defective in the mechanism of the inking process; yet it exhibited for the first time the elastic inking rollers, composed of glue combined with treacle, which alone constitute one of the finest inventions of modern typography. In König's machine the rollers were of metal covered with leather, and never answered their purpose very well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1047c.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before proceeding further, I may state that the above elastic composition, which resembles caoutchouc not a little, but is not so firm, is made by dissolving with heat in two pounds of ordinary treacle, one pound of good glue, previously soaked during a night in cold water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the year 1815, Mr. Cowper turned his scientific and inventive mind to the subject of printing machines, and has since, in co-operation with his partner, Mr. Applegath, carried them to an unlooked-for degree for perfection. In 1815 Mr. Cowper obtained a patent for curving stereotype plates, for the purpose of fixing them on a cylinder Several machine so mounted, capable of printing 1000 sheets per hour upon both skies, are at work at the present day; twelve machines on this principle having been made for the Directors of the Bank of England a short time previous to their re-issuing gold. See figs. 918, and 919. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1048a.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It deserves to be remarked here, that the same object seems to have occupied the attention of Nicholson, Donkin, Bacon, and Cowper; viz., the revolution of the form of types. Nicholson sought to effect this by giving to the shank of a type a shape like the stone of an arch; Donkin and Bacon by attaching types to the sides of a revolving prism; and Cowper, more successfully, by curving a stereotype plate. (see fig. 918.)  In these machines Mr. Cowper places two paper cylinders side by side, and against each of them a cylinder for holding the plates; each of these four cylinders is about two feet in diameter. Upon the surface of the stereotype-plate cylinder, four or five inking rollers of about three inches in diameter are placed; they are kept in their position by a frame at each end of the said cylinder, and the axles of the rollers rest in vertical slots of the frame, whereby, having perfect freedom of motion, they act by their gravity alone, and require no adjustment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The frame which supports the inking rollers, called the waving-frame, is attached by hinges to the general framework of the machine; the edge of the stereotype-plate cylinder is indented, and rubs against the waving-frame, causing it to vibrate to and fro, and consequently to carry the inking rollers with it, so as to give them an unceasing traverse movement. These rollers distribute the ink over three fourths of the surface of the cylinder, the other quarter being occupied by the curved stereotype plates. The ink is contained in a trough, which stands parallel to the said cylinder, and is formed by a metal roller revolving against the edge of a plate of iron; in its revolution it gets covered with a thin film of ink, which is conveyed to the plate cylinder by a distributing roller vibrating between both. The ink is diffused upon the plate cylinder as before described; the plates in passing under the inking rollers become charged with the coloured varnish; and as the cylinder continues to revolve, the plates come into contact with a sheet of paper on the first paper cylinder, which is then carried by means of tapes to the second paper cylinder, where it receives an impression upon its opposite side from the plates upon the second cylinder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus the printing of the sheet is completed. Though the above machine be applicable only to stereotype plates, it has been of general importance, because it formed the foundation of the future success of Messrs. Cowper and Applegath's printing machinery, by showing them the best method of serving out, distributing, and applying the coloured varnish to the types.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to adapt this method of inking to a flat type-form machine, it was merely requisite to do the same thing upon an extended flat surface or table, which had been performed upon an extended cylindrical surface. Accordingly, Messrs. Cowper and Applegath constructed a machine for printing both sides of the sheets from type, including the inking apparatus, and the mode of conveying the sheet from the one paper cylinder to the other, by means of drums and tapes. It is highly creditable to the scientific judgment of these patentees, that in new modelling the printing machine they dispensed with forty wheels, which existed in Mr. König's apparatus, when Mr. Bensley requested them to apply their improvements to it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The distinctive advantages of these machines, and which have not hitherto been equalled, are the uniform distribution of the ink, the equality as well as delicacy with which it is laid upon the types, the diminution in its expenditure, amounting to one half upon a given quantity of letter-press, and the facility with which the whole mechanism is managed. The band inking-roller and distributing-table, now so common in every printing-office in Europe and America, is the invention of Mr. Cowper, and was specified in his patent. The vast superiority of the inking apparatus in his machines, over the balls used of old, induced him to apply it forthwith to the common press, and most successfully for the public; but with little or no profit to the inventor, as the plan was unceremoniously infringed throughout the kingdom, by such a multitude of printers, whether rich or poor, as to render all attempts at reclaiming his rights by prosecution hopeless. See fig. 920.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1048b.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To construct a printing machine which shall throw off two sides a a time with exact register, that is, with the second side placed precisely upon the back of the first, is a very difficult problem, which was first practically solved by Messrs. Applegath and Cowper. It is comparatively easy to make a machine which shall print the one side of a sheet of paper first, and then the other side, by the removal of one form, and the introduction of another; and thus far did Mr. König advance. A correct register requires the sheet, after it has received its first impression from one cylinder, to travel round the peripheries of the cylinders and drums, at such a rate as to meet the types of the second side at the exact point which will ensure this side falling with geometrical nicety upon the back of the first. For this purpose, the cylinders and drums must revolve at the very same speed as the carriage underneath; hence the least incorrectness in the workmanship will produce such defective typography as will not be endured in book-printing at the present day, though it may be tolerated in newspapers. An equable distribution of the ink is of no less importance to beautiful letter-press. See figs. 921, 922.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1049a.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1049b.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The machines represented in figs. 923, 924, 925, are different forms of those which have been patented by Messrs. Applegath and Cowper. That shown in figs. 923 and 925, prints both sides of the sheet during its passage, and is capable of throwing off nearly 1000 finished sheets per hour. The moistened quires of blank paper being piled upon a table A, the boy, who stands on the adjoining platform, takes up one sheet after another, and lays them upon the feeder B, which has several linen girths passing across its surface, and round a pulley at each end of the feeder; so that whenever the pulleys begin to revolve, the motion of the girths carries forward the sheet, and delivers it over the entering roller E, where it is embraced between two series of endless tapes, that pass round a series of tension rollers. These tapes are so placed as to fall partly between, and partly exterior to, the pages of the printing; whereby they remain in close contact with the sheet of paper on both of its sides during its progress through the machine. The paper is thus conducted from the first printing cylinder F, to the second cylinder G, without having the truth of its register impaired, so that the coincidence of the two pages is perfect. &lt;span style="font-size:85%; float:left; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:25%;"&gt;* I have witnessed with much pleasure the turning of these great cylinders in Messrs. Cowper's factory at Manchester.&lt;/span&gt; These two great cylinders, or drums, are made of cast iron, turned perfectly true upon a self-acting lathe;* they are clothed in these parts, corresponding to the typographic impression, with fine woollen cloth, called &lt;em&gt;blankets&lt;/em&gt; by the pressmen, and revolve upon powerful shafts which rest in brass bearings of the strong framing of the machine. These bearings, or plummer blocks, are susceptible of any degree of adjustment, by set screws. The drums H and I are made of wood; they serve to conduct the sheet evenly from the one printing cylinder to the other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One series of tapes commences at the upper part of the entering drum E, proceeds in contact with the right-hand side and under surface of the printing cylinder F, passes next over the carrier-drum H, and under the carrier-drum I, then encompassing the left-hand side and under portion of the printing drum G, it passes in contact with the small tension rollers a, b, c, d, fig.925, and finally arrives at the roller E, which may be called the commencement of the one series of endless tapes. The other series may be supposed to commence at the roller h; it has an equal number of tapes, and corresponds with the former in being placed upon the cylinders so that the sheets of paper may be held securely between them. This second series descends from the roller h, fig. 925, to the entering drum E, where it meets and coincides with the first series in such a way that both sets of tapes proceed together &lt;em&gt;under&lt;/em&gt; the printing cylinder F, &lt;em&gt;over&lt;/em&gt; H, &lt;em&gt;under&lt;/em&gt; I, and &lt;em&gt;round&lt;/em&gt; O, until they arrive at the roller i, fig. 923, where they separate, after having continued in contact, except at the places where the sheets of paper are held between them. The tapes descent from the roller i, to a roller at k, and, after passing in contact with rollers at l, m, n, they finally arrive at the roller h, where they were supposed to commence. Hence two series of tapes act invariably in contact, without the least mutual interference, as may be seen by inspection of the figs. 923, 934, 925.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1050.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The various cylinders and drums revolve very truly by means of a system of toothed wheels and pinions mounted at their ends. Two horizontal forms of types are laid at a certain distance apart upon the long carriage M, adjoining to each of which there is a flat metallic plate, or inking table, in the same plane. The common carriage, bearing its two forms of type and two inking tables, is moved backwards and forwards, from one end of the printing machine to the other, upon rollers attached to the frame-work, and in its traverse brings the types into contact with the sheet of paper clasped by the tapes round the surfaces of the printing cylinders. This alternate movement of the carriage is produced b a pinion working alternately into the opposite sides of a rack under the table. The pinion is driven by the bevel wheels K.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mechanism for supplying the ink, and distributing it over the forms, is one of the most ingenious and valuable inventions belonging to this incomparable machine, and is so nicely adjusted, that a single grain of the pigment may suffice for printing one side of a sheet. Two similar sets of inking apparatus are provided; one at each end of the machine, adapted to ink its own form of type. The metal roller L, called the &lt;em&gt;ductor&lt;/em&gt; roller, as it draws out the supply of ink, has a slow rotatory motion communicated to it by a catgut cord, which passes round a small pulley upon the end of the shaft of the printing cylinder G. A horizontal plate of metal, with a straight-ground edge, is adjusted by set screws, so as to stand nearly in contact with the ductor roller. This plate has an upright ledge behind, converting it into a sort of trough or magazine, ready to impart a coating of ink to the roller, as it revolves over the table. Another roller, covered with elastic composition (see &lt;em&gt;suprà&lt;/em&gt;), called the vibrating roller,  is made to travel between the ductor roller and the inking table; the vibrating roller, as it rises, touches the ductor roller for an instant, abstracts a film or ink from it , and then descends to transfer it to the table. There are 3 or 4 small rollers of distribution, placed somewhat diagonally across the table at M, (inclined only 2 inches from a parallel to the end of the frame,) furnished with long slender axles, resting in vertical slots, whereby they are left at liberty to revolve and to traverse at the same time; by which compound movement they are enabled to efface all inequality in the surface of the varnish, or to effect a perfect distribution of the ink along the table. The table thus evenly smeared, being made to pass under the 3 or 4 proper inking rollers N, fig. 924, imparts to them a uniform film of ink, to be immediately transferred by them to the types. Hence each time that the forms make a complete traverse to and fro, which is requisite for the printing of every sheet, they are touched no less than eight times y the inking rollers. Both the distributing and inking rollers turn in slots, which permit them to rise and fall so as to bear with their whole weight upon the inking table and the form, whereby they never stand in need of any adjustment by screws, but are always ready for work when dropped into their respective places.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1051.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Motion is given to the whole system of apparatus by a strap from a steam engine going round a pulley placed at the end of the axle at the back of the frame; one steam-horse power being adequate to drive two double printing machines; while a single machine may be driven by the power of two men acting upon a fly-wheel. In Messrs. Clowes' establishment, in Stamford-street, two five-horse engines actuate nineteen of the above described machines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operation of printing is performed as follows: - See fig. 926.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sheets being carefully laid, one by one, upon the linen girths, at the feeder B, the rollers C and D are made to move, by means of a segment wheel, through a portion of a revolution. This movement carries on the sheet of paper sufficiently to introduce it between the two series of endless tapes at the point where they meet each other upon the catering drum E. As soon as the sheet is fairly embraced between the tapes, the rollers C and D are drawn back, by the operation of a weight, to their original position, so as to be ready to introduce another sheet into the machine. The sheet, advancing between the endless tapes, applies itself to the blanket upon the printing cylinder F, and as it revolves meets the first form of types, and receives their impression; after being thus printed on one side, it is carried, over H and under I, to the blanket upon the printing cylinder G, where it is placed in an inverted position; the printed side being now in contact with the blanket, and the white side being outwards, meets the second form of types at the proper instant, so as to receive the second impression, and get completely printed. The perfect sheet, on arriving at that point i, where the two series of tapes separate, is tossed out by the centrifugal force in the hands of a boy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1052a.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The diagram, fig. 926, shows the arrangement of the tapes, agreeably to the preceding description; the feeder B, with the rollers C and D, is seen to have an independent endless girth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/1052b.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The diagram, fig. 927, explains the structure of the great machine contrived by Messrs. Applegath and Cowper for printing the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt; newspaper. Here are four places to lay on the sheets, and four to take them off; consequently, the assistance of eight lads is required. P, P, P, P, are the four piles of paper; F, F, F, F, are the four feeding-boards; E, E, E, E, are the four entering drums, upon which the sheets are introduced between the tapes t, t, t, t, whence they are conducted to the four printing cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4; T is the form of type, I, I, are two inking tables of which one is placed at each end of the form. The inking apparatus is similar to that above described, with the addition of two central inking rollers R, which likewise receive their ink from the inking tables. The printing cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4, are made to rise and fall about half an inch; the first and third simultaneously, as also the second and fourth. The form of type, in passing from A to B, prints sheets at 1 and 3; in returning from B to A, it prints sheets at 4 and 2; while cylinder alternately falls to give the impression, and rises to permit the form to pass untouched.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each of the lines marked t, consists of two endless tapes, which run in contact at the parts shown, but separate at the entering drums E, and at the taking off parts o, o, o, o. The return of the tapes to the entering drum is omitted in the diagram, to avoid confusion of the lines. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sheets of paper laid upon their perspective feeding-boards, with the fore edges just in contact with the entering drum, a small roller, called the drop-down roller, falls, at proper intervals, down upon the edges of the sheets; the drum and the roller being then removed, instantly carry on the sheet, between the tapes t, downwards to the printing cylinder, and thence upwards to o, o, o, o, where the tapes are parted, and the sheet falls into the hands of the attendant boy. This noble mechanism is so perfectly equipped, that it is generally in full work within four minutes after the form is brought into the machine-room. The speed of König's machine, by which the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt; was formerly printed, was such as to turn out 1800 papers per hour; that of Applegath and Cowper throws off 4200 per hour, and it has been daily in use during eight years.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1390462231630922753?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1390462231630922753/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1390462231630922753' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1390462231630922753'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1390462231630922753'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-printing-machine.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Printing machine.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1080735066749322744</id><published>2011-05-09T20:52:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T20:53:15.069+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kirjapainotaito'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='musteet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='painotekniikat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Printing ink.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PRINTING INK. (&lt;em&gt;Encre d'imprimerie&lt;/em&gt;, Fr., &lt;em&gt;Buchdruckerfarbe&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.) &lt;span style="font-size:85%; float:left; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:25%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* In his work on the Preparation of Printing Ink: 8vo. , London. 1832.&lt;/span&gt; After reviewing the different prescriptions given by Moxon, Breton, Papillon, Lewis, those in Nicholson's and the Messrs. Aikins' Dictionaries, in Rees' Cyclopedia, and in the French Printer's Manual, Mr. Savage* says, that the Encyclop&amp;aelig;dia Britannica is the only work, to his knowledge, which has given a recipe by which a printing ink might be made, that could be used, though it would be of inferior quality, as acknowledged by the editor; for it specifies neither the qualities of the materials, nor their due proportions. The fine black ink made by Mr. Savage, has, he informs us, been pronounced by some of our first printers to be unrivalled; and has procured for him the large medal from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;em&gt;Linseed oil.&lt;/em&gt; Mr. Savage says, that the linseed oil, however long boiled, unless set fire to, cannot be brought into a proper state for forming printing ink; ant that the flame may be most readily extinguished by the application of a pretty tight tin cover to the top of the boiler, which should never be more than half full. The French prefer nut oil to linseed; but if the latter be old, it is fully as good, and much cheaper, in this country at least.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;em&gt;Black rosin&lt;/em&gt; is an important article in the composition of good ink; as by melting it in the oil, when that ingredient is sufficiently boiled and burnt, the two combine, and form a compound approximating to a natural balsam, like that of Canada, which it itself one of the best varnishes that can be used for printing ink.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;em&gt;Soap&lt;/em&gt;. - This is a most important ingredient in printers' ink, which is not even mentioned in any of the recipes prior to that in the Encyclop&amp;aelig;dia Britannica. For want of soap, ink accumulates upon the face of the types, so as completely to clog them up after comparatively few impressions have been taken; it will not wash off without alkaline leys, and it skins over very soon in the pot. Yellow rosin soap is the best for black inks; for those of light and delicate shades, white curd soap is preferable. Too much soap is apt to render the impression irregular, and to prevent the ink from drying quickly. The proper proportion has been hit, when the ink works clean, without clogging the surface of the types.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;em&gt;Lamp black.&lt;/em&gt; - The vegetable lamp black, sold in firkins, takes by far the most vanish, and answers for making the best ink. See BLACK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;em&gt;Ivory black&lt;/em&gt; is too heavy to be used alone as a pigment for printing ink; but it may be added with advantage by grinding a little of it upon a muller with the lamp black, for certain purposes; for instance, if an engraving on wood is required to be printed so as to produce the best possible effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;em&gt;Indigo&lt;/em&gt; alone, or with an equal weight of Prussian blue, added in small proportion, takes off the brown tone of certain lamp black inks. Mr. Savage recommends a little Indian red to be ground in with the indigo and Prussian blue, to give a rich tone to the black ink.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;em&gt;Balsam of capivi&lt;/em&gt;, as sold by Mr. Allen, Plough-court, Lombard-street, mixed, by a stone and a muller, with a due proportion of soap and pigment, forms an extemporaneous ink, which the printer may employ very advantageously when he wishes to execute a job in a peculiarly neat manner. Canada balsam does not answer quite so well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the smoke begins to rise from the boiling oil, a bit of burning paper stuck in the cleft end of a long stick should be applied to the surface, to set it on fire, as soon as the vapor will burn; and the flame should be allowed to continue (the pot being meanwhile removed from over the fire, or the fire taken from under the pot), till a sample of varnish, cooled upon a pallet-knife, draws out into string of about half an inch long between the fingers. To six quarts of linseed oil thus treated, six pounds of rosin should be gradually added, as soon as the froth of the ebullition has subsided. Whenever the rosin is dissolved, one pound and three quarters of dry brown soap, of the best quality, cut into slices, is to be introduced cautiously, for its water of combination causes a violent intumescence. Both the rosin and soap should be well stirred with the spatula. The pot is to be now set upon the fire, in order to complete the combination of all the constituents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Put next of well ground indigo and Prussian blue, each2&amp;rac12; ounces, into an earthen pan, sufficiently large to hold all the ink, along with 4 pounds of the best mineral lamp black, and 3&amp;frac12; pounds of good vegetable lamp black; then add the warm varnish by slow degrees, carefully stirring, to produce a perfect incorporation of all the ingredients. This mixture is next to be subjected to mill, or slab and muller, till it be levigated into a smooth uniform paste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One pound of a superfine printing ink may be made by the following recipe of Mr. Savage: - Balsam of capivi, 9 oz., lamp black, 3 oz.; indigo and Prussian blue, together, p. &amp;aelig;q. 1&amp;frac14; oz., Indian red, 3/4 oz.; turpentine (yellow) soap, dry, 3 oz. This mixture is to be ground upon a slab, with a muller, to an impalpable smoothness. The pigments used for coloured printing inks are, carmine, lakes, vermilion, red lead, Indian red, Venetian red, chrome yellow, chrome red or orange, burnt &lt;em&gt;terra di Sienna&lt;/em&gt;, gall-stone, Roman ochre, yellow ochre, verdigris, blues and yellows mixed for greens, indigo, Prussian blue, Antwerp blue, lustre, umber, sepia, browns mixed with Venetian red, &amp;c.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1080735066749322744?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1080735066749322744/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1080735066749322744' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1080735066749322744'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1080735066749322744'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-printing-ink.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Printing ink.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2806062399177144420</id><published>2011-05-08T20:30:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T20:31:25.396+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='keramiikka ja posliini'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Pottery: Glazing. Printing of stoneware. Ornaments and coloring. Metallic lustres applied to stoneware. Pottery and stone ware of the Wedgewood color. English porcelain or china.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;POTTERY. Glazing. - A good enamel is an essential element of fine stoneware; it should expersence the same dilation and contraction by heat and cold as the biscuit which it covers. The English enamels contain nothing prejudicial to health, as many of the foreign glazes do; no more lead being added to the former than is absolutely necessary to convert the silicious and aluminous matters with which it is mixed into a perfectly neutral glass.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three kinds of glazes are used in Staffordshire; one for the common pipe-clay or cream-colored ware; another for the finer pipe-clay ware to receive impressions, called &lt;em&gt;printing body&lt;/em&gt;; a third for the ware which is to be ornamented by painting with the pencil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The glaze of the first of common ware is composed of 53 parts of white lead, 16 of Cornish stone, 36 of ground flints, and 4 of flint glass; or of 40 of white lead, 36 of Cornish stone, 12 of flints, and 4 of flint or crystal glass. These compositions are not fritted; but are employed after being simply triturated with water into a thin paste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following is the composition of the glaze intended to cover all kinds of figures printed in metallic colours; 26 parts of white felspar are fritted with 6 parts of soda, 2 of nitre, and 1 of borax; to 20 pounds of this frit, 26 parts of felspar, 20 of white lead, 6 of ground flints, 4 of chalk, 1 of oxide of tin, and a small quantity of oxide of cobalt, to take off the brown cast, and give a faint azure tint, are added.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following recipe may also be used. Frit together 20 parts of flint glass, 6 of flints, 2 of nitre, and 1 of borax; add to 12 parts of that frit, 40 parts of white lead, 36 of felspar, 8 of flints, and 6 of flint glass; then grind  the whole together into a uniform cream-consistenced paste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As to the stoneware which is to be painted, it is covered with a glaze composed of 13 parts of the printing-colour frit, to which are added 50 parts of red lead, 40 of white lead, and 12 of flint; the whole having been ground together.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above compositions produce a very hard glaze, which cannot be scratched by the knife, is not acted upon by vegetable acids, and does no injury to potable or edible articles kept in the vessels covered with it. It preserves for an indefinite time the glassy lustre, and is not subject to crack and exfoliate, like most of the Continental stoneware, made from common pipe-clay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order that the saggers in which the articles are baked, after receiving the glaze, may not absorb some of the vitrifying matter, they are themselves coated, as above mentioned, with a glaze composed of 13 parts of common salt, and 30 parts of potash, simply dissolved in water, and brushed over them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;POTTERY. &lt;em&gt;Printing of stoneware.&lt;/em&gt; - The printing under the stoneware glaze is generally performed by means of cobalt, and has a different shades of blue according to the quantity of colouring matter employed. After having subjected this oxide to the processes requisite for its purification, it is mixed with a certain quantity of ground flints and sulphate of baryta, proportioned to the dilution of the shade. These materials are fritted and ground; but before they are used, they must be solved with a [flux?] consisting of equal parts by weight of flint glass and ground flints, which serves to fix the colour upon the biscuit, so that the immersion in the glaze liquor may not displace the lines printed on, as also to aid in fluxing the cobalt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following are the processes usually practised in Staffordshire for printing under the glaze.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The cobalt, or whatever colour is employed, should be ground upon a porphyry slab, with a varnish prepared as follows: - A pint of linseed oil is to be boiled to the consistence of thick honey, along with 4 ounces of rosin, half a pound of tar, and half a pint of oil of amber. This is very tenacious, and can be used only when liquefied by heat; which the printer effects by spreading it upon a hot cast-iron plate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The printing plates are made of copper, engraved with pretty deep lines in the common way. The printer, with a leather muller, spreads upon the engraved plate, previously heated, his color, mixed up with the above oil varnish, and removes what is superfluous with a pallet knife; then cleans the plate with a dossil filled with bran, tapping and wiping as if he were removing dust from it. This operation being finished, he takes the paper intended to receive the impression, soaks it with soap-water, and lays it moist upon the copper-plate. The soap makes the paper part more readily from the copper, and the thick ink part more readily from the biscuit. The copper-plate is now passed through the engraver's cylinder press, the proof leaf is lifted off and handed to the women, who cut it into detached pieces, which they apply to the surface of the biscuit. The paper best fitted for this purpose is made entirely of linen rags; it is very thin, of a yellow colour, and unsized, like tissue blotting-paper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stoneware biscuit never receives any preparation before being imprinted, the oil of the colour being of such a nature as to fix the figures firmly. The printed paper is pressed and rubbed on with a roll of flannel, about an inch and a half in diameter, and 12 or 15 inches long, bound round with twine, like a roll of tobacco. This is used as a burnisher, one end of it being rested against the shoulder, and the other end being rubbed upon the paper; by which means it transfers all the engraved traces to the biscuit. The piece of biscuit is laid aside for a little, in order that the colour may take fast hold; it is then plunged into water, and the paper is washed away with a sponge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the paper is detached, the piece of ware is dipped into a caustic alkaline ley to saponify the oil, after which it is immersed in the glaze liquor, with which the printed figures readily adhere. This process, which is easy to execute, and very economical, is much preferable to the old plan of passing the biscuit into the muffle after it had been printed, for the purpose of fixing and volatilizing the oils. When the paper impression is applied  to pieces of porcelain, they are heated before being dipped in the water, because, being already semi-vitrified, the paper sticks more closely to them than to the biscuit, and can be removed only by a hard brush.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The impression above the glaze is done by quite a different process, which dispenses with the use of the press. A quantity of fine clean glue is melted and poured hot upon a large flat dish, so as to form a layer about a quarter of an inch thick, and of the consistence of jelly. When cold it is divided into cakes of the size of the copper-plates it is intended to cover.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operative (a woman) rubs the engraved copper-plate gently over with linseed oil boiled thick, immediately after which she applies the cake of glue, which she presses down with a silk dossil filled with bran. The cake licks up all the oil out of the engraved lines; it is then cautiously lifted off, and transferred to the surface of the glazed ware which it is intended to print. The glue cake being removed, the enamel surface must be rubbed with a little cotton, whereby the metallic colours are attached only on the lines charged with oil: the piece is then heated under the muffle. The same cake of glue may serve for several impressions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;POTTERY. &lt;em&gt;Ornaments and coloring.&lt;/em&gt; - Common stoneware is coloured by means of two kinds of apparatus; the one called the blowing-pot, the other the worming-pot. The ornaments made in relief in France, are made hollow (intaglio) in England, by means of a mould engraved in relief, which is passed over the article. The impression which it produces is filled with a thick clay paste, which the workman throws on with the blowing-pot. This is a vessel like a tea-pot, having a spout, but it is hermetically sealed at top with a clay plug, after being filled with the pasty liquor. The workman, by blowing in at the spout, causes the liquor to fly out through a quill pipe which goes down through the clay plug into the liquor. The jet is made to play upon the piece while it is being turned upon the lathe; so that the hollows preciously made in it by the mould or stamp are filled with a paste of a colour different from that of the body. When the piece has acquired sufficient firmness to bear working, the excess of the paste is removed by an instrument called a &lt;em&gt;tournasin&lt;/em&gt;, till the ornamental figure produced by the stamp be laid bare; in which case merely the colour appears at the bottom of the impression. By passing in this manner several layers of clay liquor of different colours over each other with the blowing-pot, net-work, and decorations of different colours and shades, are very rapidly produced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The serpentine or snake pots, established on the same principle, are made of  tin plate in three compartments, each containing a different color. These open at the top of the vessel in a common orifice, terminated by small quill tubes. On inclining the vessel, the three colours flow out at once in the same proportion at the one orifice, and are let full upon the piece while it is being slowly turned upon the lathe; whereby curious serpent-like ornaments may be readily obtained. The clay liquor ought to be in keeping with the stoneware paste. The blues succeed best when the ornaments are made with the finer pottery mixtures give above.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;POTTERY. &lt;em&gt;Metallic lustres applied to stoneware.&lt;/em&gt; - The metallic lustre being applied only to the outer surface of vessels, can have no bad effect on health, whatever substances be employed for the purpose; and as the glaze intended to receive it is sufficiently fusible, from the quantity of lead it contains, there is no need of adding a flax to the metallic coating. The glaze is in this case composed of 60 parts of litharge, 36 of felspar, and 15 of flints.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The silver and platina lustres are usually laid upon a white ground, while those of gold and copper, on account of their transparency, succeed only upon a coloured ground. The dark-colored stoneware is, however, preferable, as it shows off the colours to most advantage; and thus the shades may be varied by varying the colours of the ornamental figures applied by the blowing-pot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The gold and platina lustre is almost always applied to a paste body made on purpose, and coated with the above-described lead glaze. This paste is brown, and consists of 4 parts of clay, 4 parts of flints, an equal quantity of kaolin (china clay), and 6 parts of felspar. To make brown figures in relief upon a body of white paste, a liquor is mixed up with this paste, which ought to weigh 26 ounces per pint, in order to unite well with the other paste, and not to exfoliate after it is baked.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Preparation of gold lustre.&lt;/em&gt; - Dissolve first in the cold, and then with heat, 48 grains of fine gold in 288 grains of an aqua regia, composed of 1 ounce of nitric acid and 3 ounces of muriatic acid; add to that solution 4&amp;frac12; grains of grain tin, bit by bit; and then pour some of that compound solution into 20 grains of balsam of sulphur diluted with 10 grains of oil of turpentine. The balsam of sulphur is prepared by heating a pint of linseed oil, and 2 ounces of flowers of sulphur, stirring them continually till the mixture beings to boil; it is then cooled, by setting the vessel in cold water; after which it is stirred afresh, and strained through linen. The above ingredients, after being well mixed, are to be allowed to settle for a few minutes; then the remainder of the solution of gold is to be poured in, and the whole is to be triturated till the mass has assumed such a consistence that the pestle will stand upright in it; lastly, there must be added to the mixture 30 grains of oil of turpentine, which being ground in, the gold lustre is ready to be applied. If the lustre is too light or pale, more gold dust be added, and if it have not a sufficiently violet or purple tint, more tin must be used.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Platina lustre.&lt;/em&gt; - Of this there are two kinds; one similar to polished steel, another lighter and of a silver-white hue. To give stoneware the steel colour with platina, this metal must be dissolved in an aqua regia composed of 2 parts of muriatic acid, and 1 part of nitric. The solution being cooled, and poured into a capsule, there must be added to it, drop by drop, with continual stirring with a glass rod, a &lt;em&gt;spirit of tar&lt;/em&gt;, composed of equal parts of tar and sulphur boiled in linseed oil and filtered. If the platina solution be too strong, more spirit of tar must be added to it; but if too weak, it must be concentrated by boiling. Thus being brought to the proper pitch, the mixture may be spread over the piece, which being put into the muffle, will take the aspect of steel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The oxide of platina, by means of which the silver lustre is given to stoneware, is prepared as follows: - After having dissolved to saturation the metal is an aqua regia composed of equal parts of nitric and muriatic acid, the solution is to be poured into a quantity of boiling water. At the same time a capsule, containing solution of sal-ammoniac, is placed upon a sand-bath, and the platina solution being poured into it, the metal will fall down in the form of the well-known yellow precipitate, which is to be washed with cold water till it is perfectly edulcorated, then dried, and put up for use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This metallic lustre is applied very smoothly by means of a flat camel's hair brush. It is then to be passed through the muffle kiln; but it requires a second application of the platinum to have a sufficient body of lustre. The articles sometimes come black out of the kiln, but they get their proper appearance by being rubbed with cotton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Platina&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;gold lustre&lt;/em&gt;; by other recipes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Platina lustre.&lt;/em&gt; - Dissolve 1 ounce of platinum in aqua regia formed of 2 parts of muriatic acid and 1 part of nitric acid, with heat upon an sand-bath, till the liquid is reduced to two thirds of its volume; let it cool; decant into a clean vessel, and pour into it, drop by drop, with constant stirring, some distilled tar, until such a mixture is produced as will give a good result in a trial upon the ware in the kiln. If the lustre be too intense, more tar must be added; if it be too weak, the mixture must be concentrated by further evaporation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gold lustre.&lt;/em&gt; - Dissolve four shillings' worth of gold in aqua regia with a gentle heat. To the solution, when cool, add 2 grains of grain tin, which will immediately dissolve. Prepare a mixture of half an ounce of balsam of sulphur with a little essence of turpentine, beating them together till they assume the appearance of milk. Pour this mixture into the solution of gold and tin, drop by drop, with continual stirring; and place the whole in a warm situation for some time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is absolutely necessary to apply this lustre upon an enamel or glaze which has already passed through the fire, otherwise the sulphur would tarnish the composition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These lustres are applied with most advantage upon chocolate and other dark grounds. Pinch skill is required in their firing, and a perfect acquaintance with the quality of the glaze on which they are applied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;An iron lustre.&lt;/em&gt; is obtained by dissolving a bit of steel or iron in muriatic acid, mixing this solution with the spirit of tar, and applying it to the surface of the ware.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aventurine glaze.&lt;/em&gt; - Mix a certain quantity of silver leaf with the above-described soft glaze, grind the mixture along with some honey and boiling water, till the metal assume the appearance of fine particles of sand. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The granite-like gold lustre&lt;/em&gt; is produced by throwing lightly with a brush a few drops of oil turpentine upon the goods already covered with the preparation for gold lustre. These cause it to separate and appear in particles resembling the surface of granite. When marbling is to be given to stoneware, the lustres of gold, platina, and iron are used at once, which blending in the fusion, form veins like those of marble.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pottery and stone ware of the Wedgewood color.&lt;/em&gt; - This is a kind of semi-vitrified ware, called &lt;em&gt;dry bodies&lt;/em&gt;, which is not susceptible of receiving a superficial glaze. This pottery is composed in two ways: the first is with barytic earths, which act as fluxes upon the clays, and form enamels: thus the Wedgewood &lt;em&gt;jasper&lt;/em&gt; ware is made.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The white vitrifying pastes, fit for receiving all sorts of metallic colours, are composed of 47 parts of sulphate of barytes, 15 of felspar, 26 of Devonshire clay, 6 of sulphate of lime, 15 of flints, and 10 of sulphate of strontites. This composition is capable of receiving the tints of the metallic oxydes and of the ochrous metallic earths. Manganese produces the dark purple color; gold precipitated by tin, a rose color; antimony, orange; cobalt, different shades of blue; copper is employed for the browns and the dead-leaf greens; nickel gives, with potash, greenish colours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One per cent. of oxide of cobalt is added; but one half, or even one quarter, of a per cent. would be sufficient to produce the fine Wedgewood blue, when the nickel and manganese constitute 3 per cent., as well as the carbonate of iron. For the blacks of this kind, some English manufacturers mix black oxide of manganese with the black oxide of iron, or with ochre. Nickel and umber afford a fine brown. Carbonate of iron, mixed with bole or &lt;em&gt;terra di Sienna&lt;/em&gt;, gives a beautiful tint to the paste; as also manganese with cobalt, or cobalt with nickel. Antimony produces a very fine colour when combined with the carbonate of iron in the proportion of 2 per cent., along with the ingredients necessary to form the above-described vitrifying paste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following is another vitrifying paste, of a much softer nature than the preceding. felspar, 30 parts; sulphate of lime, 23; silex, 17; potter's clay, 15; kaolin of Cornwall (china clay), 15; sulphate of baryta, 10.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These vitrifying pastes are very plastic, and may be worked with as much facility as English pipe-clay. The round ware is usually turned upon the lathe. It may, however, be moulded, as the oval pieces always are. The more delicate ornaments are cast in hollow moulds of baked clay, by women and children, and applied with remarkable dexterity upon the turned and moulded articles. The coloured pastes have such an affinity for each other, that the detached ornaments may be applied not only with a little gum water upon the convex and concave forms, but they may be made to adhere without experiencing the least cracking or chinks. The coloured pastes receive only one fire, unless the inner surface is to be glazed; but a gloss is given to the outer surface. The enamel for the interior of he black Wedgewood ware is composed of 6 parts of red lead, 1 of silex, and 2 ounces of manganese, when the mixture is made in pounds' weight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operation called &lt;em&gt;smearing&lt;/em&gt;, consists in giving an external lustre to the unglazed semi-vitrified ware. The articles do not in this way receive any immersion, nor even the aid of the brush or pencil of the artist; but they require a second fire. The saggers are coated with the salt glaze already described. These cases, or saggers, communicate by reverberation the lustre so remarkable on the surface of the English stoneware; which one might suppose to be the result of the glaze tub, or of the brush. Occasionally also a very fusible composition is thrown upon the inner surface of the muffle, and 5 or 6 pieces called &lt;em&gt;refractories&lt;/em&gt; are set in the middle of it, coated with the same composition. The intensity of the heat converts the flux into vapor; a part of this is condensed upon the surfaces of the contiguous articles; so as to give them the desired brilliancy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mortar body&lt;/em&gt; is a paste composed of 6 parts of clay, 3 of felspar, 2 of silex, and 1 of china clay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;White and yellow figures upon dark-colored grounds are a good deal employed. To produce yellow impressions upon brown stoneware, ochre is ground up with a small quantity of antimony. The flux consists of flint glass and flints in equal weights. The composition for white designs is made by grinding silex up with that flux, and printing it on, as for blue colours, upon brown or other coloured stoneware, which shows off the light hues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;English porcelain or china.&lt;/em&gt; - Most of this belongs to the class called tender or soft porcelain by the French and German manufacturers. It is not, therefore, composed simply of &lt;em&gt;kaolin&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;petuntse&lt;/em&gt;. The English china is generally baked at a much lower heat than that of Sèvres, Dresden, and Berlin; and it is covered with a mere glass. Being manufactured upon a prodigious scale, with great economy and certainty, and little expenditure of fuel, it is sold at a very moderate price compared with the foreign porcelain, and in external appearance is now not much inferior.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of the English porcelain has been called ironstone china. This is composed usually of 60 parts of Cornish stone, 40 of china clay, and 2 of flint glass; or of 42 of the felspar, the same quantity of clay, 10 parts of flints ground, and 8 of flint glass.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The glaze for the frit composition is made with 20 parts of felspar, 15 of flints, 6 of red lead, and 5 of soda, which are fritted together; with 44 parts of the frit, 22 of flint glass, and 15 parts of white lead, are ground.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The glaze for the second composition is formed of 8 parts of flint glass, 36 of felspar, 40 of white lead, and 20 of silex (ground flints.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The English manufacturers employ three sorts of compositions for the porcelain biscuit; namely, two compositions not fritted; one of them for the ordinary table service; another for the dessert service and tea dishes; the third which is fritted, corresponds to the paste used in France for sculpture; and with it all delicate kinds of ornaments are made. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;..... | First composition | Second composition | Third composition.&lt;br /&gt;Ground flints | 75 | 66 |Lynn sand 150&lt;br /&gt;Calcined bones | 180 | 100 | 300&lt;br /&gt;China clay 40 | 96 | 100&lt;br /&gt;Clay | 70 | Granite 80 | Potash 10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The glaze for the first two of the preceding compositions consists of , felspar 45, flints 9, borax 21, flint glass 20, nickel 4. After fritting that mixture, add 12 parts of red lead. For the third composition, which is the most fusible, the glaze must receive 12 parts of ground flints, instead of 9; and there should be only 15 parts of borax, instead of 21. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[---]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2806062399177144420?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2806062399177144420/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2806062399177144420' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2806062399177144420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2806062399177144420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-pottery-glazing.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Pottery: Glazing. Printing of stoneware. Ornaments and coloring. Metallic lustres applied to stoneware. Pottery and stone ware of the Wedgewood color. English porcelain or china.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-5492624337485200625</id><published>2011-05-07T19:13:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T19:14:01.896+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kynät'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värien sekoittaminen t. valmistaminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Pencil manufacture.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PENCIL MANUFACTURE. (&lt;em&gt;Crayons, fabrique de&lt;/em&gt;, Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Bleistifte, verfertigung&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.) The word pencil is used in two senses. It signifies either a small hair brush employed by painters in oil and water colours, or a slender cylinder, of black lead or plumbago, either naked or enclosed in a wooden case, for drawing black lines upon paper. The last sort, which is the one to be considered here, corresponds nearly to the French term crayon, though this includes also pencils made of differently coloured earthy compositions. See CRAYON.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best black-lead pencils of this country are formed of slender parallelopipeds, cut out by a saw from sound pieces of plumbago, which have been previously calcined in close vessels at a bright red heat. These parallelopipeds are generally enclosed in cases made of cedar wood, though of late years they are also used alone, in peculiar pencil-cases, under the name of ever-pointed pencils, provided with an iron wire and screw, to protrude a minute portion of the plumbago beyond the tubular metallic case, in proportion as it is wanted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the year 1795, M. Conté, a French gentleman, well acquainted with the mechanical arts, invented an ingenious process for making artificial black-lead pencils of superior quality, by which he and his successor and son-in-law, M. Humblot, have realized large fortunes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pure clay, or clay containing the smallest proportion of calcareous or silicious matter, is the substance which he employed to give aggregation and solidity, not only to plumbago dust, but to all sorts of coloured powders. That earth has the property of diminishing in bulk, and increasing in hardness, in exact proportion to the degree of heat it is exposed to, and hence may be made to give every degree of solidity to crayons. The clay is prepared by diffusing it in large tubs through clear river water, and letting the thin mixture settle for two minutes. The supernatant milky liquor is drawn off by a syphon from near the surface, so that only the finest particles of clay are transferred into the second tub, upon a lower level. The sediment, which falls very slowly in this tub, is extremely soft and plastic. The clear water being run off, the deposite is placed upon a linen filter, and allowed to dry. It is now ready for use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The plumbago must be reduced to a fine powder in an iron mortar, then put into a crucible, and calcined at a heat approaching to whiteness. The action of the fire gives it a brilliancy and softness which it would not otherwise possess, and prevents it from being affected by the clay, which it is apt to be in its natural state. The less clay is mixed with the plumbago, and the less the mixture is calcined, the softer are the pencils made of it; the more clay is used the harder are the pencils. Some of the best pencils made by M. Conté, were formed of two parts of plumbago and three parts of clay; others of equal parts. This composition admits of indefinite variations, both as to the shade and hardness; advantages not possessed by the native mineral. While the traces may be made as black as those of pure plumbago, they have not that glistening aspect which often impairs the beauty of black-lead drawings. The same lustre may, however, be obtained by increasing the proportion of powdered plumbago relatively to the clay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The materials having been carefully sifted, a little of the clay is  to be mixed with the plumbago, and the mixture is to be triturated with water into a perfectly uniform paste. A portion of this paste may be tested by calcination. If on cutting the indurated mass, particles of plumbago appear, the whole must be further levigated. The remainder of the clay is now to be introduced, and the paste is to be ground with a muller upon a porphyry slab, till it be quite homogeneous, and of the consistence of thin dough. It is not to be made into a ball, put upon a support and placed under  a bell glass inverted in a basin of water, so as to be exposed merely to the moist air.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Small grooves are to be made in a smooth board, similar to the pencil parallelopipeds, but a little longer and wider, to allow for the contraction of volume. The wood must be boiled in grease, to prevent the paste from sticking to it. The above described paste being pressed with a spatula into these grooves, another board, also boiled in grease, is to be laid over them very closely, and secured by means of screw-clamps. As the atmospheric air can get access only to the ends of the grooves, the ends of the pencil-pieces become dry first, and by their contraction in volume get loose in the grooves, allowing the air to insinuate further, and to dry the remainder of the paste in succession. When the whole piece is dried, it becomes loose, and might be turned out of the grooves. But before this is done, the mould must be put into an oven moderately heated, in order to render the pencil pieces still drier. The mould should now be taken out, and emptied upon a table covered with cloth. The greater part of the pieces will be entire, and only a few will have been broken, if the above presentations have been duly observed. They are all, however, perfectly straight, which is a matter of the first importance. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to give solidity to these pencils, they must be set upright in a crucible till it is filled with them, and then surrounded with charcoal powder, fine sand, or sifted wood ashes. The crucible, after having a luted cover applied, is to be put into a furnace, and exposed to a degree of heat regulated by the pyrometer of Wedgewood; which degree is proportional to the intended hardness of the pencils. When they have been thus baked, the crucible is to be removed from the fire, and allowed to cool with the pencils in it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Should the pencils be intended for drawing architectural plans, or for very fine lines, they must be immersed in melted wax or suet nearly boiling hot, before they are put into the cedar cases. This immersion is best done by heating the pencils first upon a grid-iron, and then plunging them into the melted wax or tallow. They acquire by this means a certain degree of softness, are less apt to be abraded by use, and preserve their points much better.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When these pencils are intended to draw ornamental subjects with much shading, they should not be dipped as above.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Second process for making artificial pencils, somewhat different from the preceding&lt;/em&gt;. - All the operations are the same, except that some lamp-black is introduced along with the plumbago powder and the clay. In calcining these pencils in the crucible, the contact of air must be carefully excluded, to prevent the lamp-black from being burned away on the surface. An indefinite variety of pencils, of every possible black tint, may thus be produced, admirably adapted to draw from nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another ingenious form of mould is the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Models of the pencil-pieces must be made in iron, and stuck upright upon an iron tray, having edges raised as high as the intended length of the pencils. A metallic alloy is made of tin, lead, bismuth, and antimony, which melts at a moderate heat. This is poured into the sheet-iron tray, and  after it is cooled and concreted, it is inverted, and shaken off from the model bars, so as to form a mass of metal perforated throughout with tubular cavities, corresponding to the intended pencil-pieces. The paste is introduced by pressure into these cavities, and set aside to dry slowly. When nearly dry, the pieces get so much shrunk that they may be readily turned out of the moulds upon a cloth table. They are then to be completely desiccated in the shade, afterwards in a stove-room, next in the oven, and lastly ignited in the crucible, with the precautions above prescribed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M. Conté recommends the hardest pencils of the architect to be made of lead melted with some antimony and a little quicksilver.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their further researches upon this subject, M. Conté and M. Humblot found that the different degrees of hardness of crayons could not be obtained in a uniform manner by the mere mixture of plumbago and clay in determinate doses. But they discovered a remedy for this defect in the use of saline solutions, more or less concentrated, into which they plunged the pencils, in order to modify their hardness, and increase the uniformity of their texture. The non-deliquescent sulphates were preferred for this purpose; such as sulphate of soda, &amp;c. Even sirup was found useful in this way.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-5492624337485200625?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/5492624337485200625/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=5492624337485200625' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5492624337485200625'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/5492624337485200625'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-pencil-manufacture.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Pencil manufacture.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-7571067011013182404</id><published>2011-05-06T18:38:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T18:39:13.774+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tapetit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Paper-hangings.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PAPER-HANGINGS, called more properly by the French, &lt;em&gt;papiers peints.&lt;/em&gt; The art of making paper-hangings, &lt;em&gt;papier de tenture&lt;/em&gt;, as been copied from the Chinese, among whom it has been practised from time immemorial. The English first imported and began to imitate the Chinese paper-hangings; but being exposed till very lately to a high excise duty upon the manufacture, they have not carried it to that extent and pitch of refinement which the French genius has been enabled to do, unchecked by taxation. The first method of making this paper was stencilling; by laying upon it, in an extended state, a piece of pasteboard having spaces cut out of various figured devices, and applying different water colours with the brush. Another piece of pasteboard with other patterns cut out was next applied, when the former figures were dry, and new designs were thus imparted. By a series of such operations, a tolerable pattern was executed, but with no little labor and expense. The processes of the calico printer were next resorted to, in which engraved blocks of the pear or sycamore were employed to impress the coloured designs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Paper-hangings may be distinguished into two classes; 1. those which are really painted, and which are designed in France under the title of &lt;em&gt;papiers peints&lt;/em&gt;, with brilliant flowers and figures; and 2. those in which the designs are formed by foreign matters applied to the paper, under the name of &lt;em&gt;papier tontisse&lt;/em&gt;, or flock paper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operations common to paper-hangings of both kinds, may be stated as follows: -&lt;br /&gt;1. The paper should be well sized.&lt;br /&gt;2. The edges should be evenly cut by an apparatus like the bookbinder's press.&lt;br /&gt;3. The ends of each of the 24 sheets which form a piece, should be nicely pasted together; or a Fourdrinier web of paper should be taken.&lt;br /&gt;4. Laying the grounds, is done with earthy colours or coloured lakes thickened with size, and applied with brushes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An expert workman, with one or two children, can lay the grounds of 300 pieces in a day. The pieces are now suspended upon poles near the ceiling, in order to be dried. They are then rolled up and carried to the apartment where they are polished, by being laid upon a smooth table, with the painted side undermost, and rubbed with the polisher. Pieces intended to be satined, are grounded with fine Paris plaster, instead of Spanish white; and are not smoothed with a brass polisher, but with a hard brush attached to the lower end of the swing polishing rod. After spreading the piece upon the table with the grounded side undermost, the paper-stainer dusts the upper surface with finely powdered chalk of Brian&amp;ccedil;on, commonly called talc, and rubs it strongly with the brush. In this way the satiny lustre is produced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE PRINTING OPERATIONS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blocks about two inches thick, formed of three separate boards glued together, of which two are made of poplar, and one (that which is engraved) of pear-tree or sycamore, are used for printing paper-hangings, as for calicoes. The grain of the upper layer of wood should be laid across that of the layer below. As many blocks are required as there are colours and shades of color. To make the figure of a rose, for example, three several reds must be applied in succession, the one deeper than the other, a white for the clear spaces, two and sometimes three greens for the leaves, and two wood colours for the stems; altogether from 9 to 12 for a rose. Each block carries small pin points fixed at its corners to guide the workman in the insertion of the figure exactly in its place. An expert hand places these guide pins so that their marks are covered and concealed by the impression of the next block; and the finished piece shows merely those belonging to the first and last blocks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In printing, the workman employed the same &lt;em&gt;swimming-tub&lt;/em&gt; apparatus which has been described under block printing (see CALICO-PRINTING), takes off the colour upon his blocks, and impresses them on the paper extended upon a table in the very same way. The tub in which the drum or frame covered with calf-skin is inverted, contains simply water thickened with parings of paper from the bookbinder, instead of the pasty mixture employed by the calico-printers. In impressing the colour by the block upon the paper, he employes a lever of the second kind, to increase the power of his arm, making it act upon the block through the intervention of a piece of wood, shaped like the bridge of a violin. This tool is called &lt;em&gt;tasseau&lt;/em&gt; by the French. A child is constantly occupied in spreading colour with a brush upon the calf-skin head of the drum or sieve, and in sliding off the paper upon a wooden trestle or horse, in proportion as it is finished. When the piece has received one set of coloured impressions, the workman, assisted by his little aid, called a &lt;em&gt;tireur&lt;/em&gt; (drawer), hooks it upon the drying-poles under the ceiling. A sufficient number of pieces should be provided to  keep the printer occupied during the whole at least of one day, so that they will be dried and ready to receive another set of coloured impressions by the following morning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All the colours are applied in the same manner, every shade being formed by means of the blocks, which determine all the beauty and regularity of the design. A pattern drawer of taste may produce a very beautiful effect. The history of Psyche and Cupid, by M. Dufour, has been considered a masterpiece in this art, rivalling the productions of the pencil in the gradation, softness, and brilliancy of the tints.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the piece is completely printed,  the workman looks it all over, and if there be any defects, he corrects them by the brush or pencil, applying first the correction of one colour, and afterwards of the rest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A final satining, after the colours are dried, is communicated by the friction of a finely polished brass roller, attached by its end gudgeons to the lower extremity of a long swing-frame; and acting along the cylindrical surface of a a smooth table, upon which the paper is spread.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;em&gt;fondu&lt;/em&gt; or rainbow style of paper-hangings, which i have referred to this place in the article CALICO-PRINTING, is produced by means of an assortment of oblong narrow tin pans, fixed in a frame, close side to side, each being about one inch wide, two inches deep, and eight inches long; the colours of the prismatic spectrum, red, orange, yellow, green, &amp;c., are put, in a liquid state, successively in these pans; so that when the oblong brush A, B, with guide ledges a, b, c, d, is dipped into them across the whole of the parallel row at once, it comes out impressed with the different colours at successive points e, e, e, e, of its length, and is then drawn by the paper-stainer over the face of the woollen drum head, or sieve of the swimming tub, upon which it leaves a corresponding series of stripes in colours, graduating into one another like those of the prismatic spectrum. By applying his block to the &lt;em&gt;tear&lt;/em&gt;, the workman takes up the colour in rainbow hues, and transfers these to the paper. f, f, f, f show the separate brushes in tin sheaths, set in one frame. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At M. Zuber's magnificent establishment in the ancient château of Rixheim, near Mulhouse, where the most beautiful French &lt;em&gt;papiers peints&lt;/em&gt; are produced, and where I was informed that no less than 3000 blocks are required for one pattern, I saw a two-color calico machine employed with great advantage, both as to taste and expedition. Steam-charged cylinders were used to dry the paper immediately after it was printed, as the colours, not being so rapidly absorbed as they are by calico, would be very apt to spread.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operations employed for common paper-hangings, are also used for making flock paper, only a stronger size is necessary for the ground. The flocks are obtained from the woollen cloth manufacturers, being cut off by their shearing machines, called &lt;em&gt;lewises&lt;/em&gt; by the English workmen, and are preferred in a white state by the French paper-hanging makers, who scour them well, and dye them of the proper colours themselves. When they are thoroughly stove-dried, they are put into a conical fluted mill, like that for making snuff, and are properly ground. The powder thus obtained is afterwards sifted by a bolting-machine, like that of the flour mill, whereby flocks of different degrees of fineness are produced. These are applied to the paper after it has undergone all the usual printing operations. Upon the workman's left hand, and in a line with his printing table, a large chest is placed for receiving the flock powders: it is seven or eight feet long, two feet wide at the bottom, three feet and a half at top. and from 15 to 18 inches deep. It has a hinged lid. Its bottom is made of tense calf-skin. This chest is called the &lt;em&gt;drum&lt;/em&gt;; it rests upon four strong feet, so as to stand from 24 to 28 inches above the floor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The block which serves to apply the adhesive basis of the velvet-powders, bears in relief only the pattern corresponding to that basis, which is formed with linseed oil, rendered drying by being boiled with litharge, and afterwards ground up with white lead. The French workmen call this mordant the &lt;em&gt;encaustic&lt;/em&gt;. It is put upon the cloth which covers the inverted swimming tub, in the same way as the common colours are, and is spread with a brush by the &lt;em&gt;tireur&lt;/em&gt; (corruptly styled &lt;em&gt;tearer&lt;/em&gt; by some English writers). The workman daubs the blocks upon the mordant, spreads the pigment even with a kind of brush, and then applies it by impression to the paper. Whenever a sufficient surface of the paper has been thus covered, the child draws it along into the great chest, sprinkling the flock powder over it with his hands; and when a length of 7 feet is printed, he covers it up within the drum, and beats upon the calf-skin bottom with a couple of rods to raise a cloud of flock inside, and to make it cover the prepared portion of the paper uniformly. He now lifts the lid of the chest, inverts the paper, and beats its back lightly, in order to detach all the loose particles of the woolly powder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the operation just described, the velvet-down being applied everywhere of the same color, would not be agreeable to the eye, if shades could not be introduced to relieve the pattern. To give the effect of drapery, for example, the appearance of folds must be introduced. For this purpose, when the piece is perfectly dry, the workman stretches it upon his table, and by the guidance of the pins in his blocks, he applied to the flock surface a colour in distemper, of a deep tint, suited to the intended shades, so that he dyes wool in its place. Light shades are produced by applying some of his lighter water-colors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gold leaf is applied upon the above mordant, when nearly dry; which then forms a proper gold size; and the same method of application is resorted to, as for the ordinary gilding of wood. When the size has become perfectly hard, the superfluous gold leaf is brushed off with a dossil of cotton wool or fine linen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The colours used by the paper-hangers are the following:-&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;em&gt;Whites.&lt;/em&gt; These are either white-lead, good whitening, or a mixture of two.&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;em&gt;Yellows&lt;/em&gt;. These are frequently vegetable extracts; as those of weld, or of Avignon or Persian berries, and are made by boiling the substances with water. Chrome yellow is also frequently used, as well as the &lt;em&gt;terra di Sienna&lt;/em&gt; and yellow ochre.&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;em&gt;Reds&lt;/em&gt; are almost exclusively decoctions of Brazil wood.&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;em&gt;Blues&lt;/em&gt; are either Prussian blue, or blue verditer.&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;em&gt;Greens&lt;/em&gt; are Scheele's green, a combination of arsenious acid, and oxide of copper; the green of Schweinfurth, or green verditer, as also a mixture of blues and yellows.&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;em&gt;Violets&lt;/em&gt; are produced by a mixture of blue and red in various proportions, or they may be obtained directly by mixing a decoction of logwood with alum.&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;em&gt;Browns, blacks, and grays.&lt;/em&gt; Umber furnishes of the brown tints. Blacks are either common ivory or Frankfort black; and grays are formed by mixtures of Prussian blue and Spanish white.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All the colours are rendered adhesive and consistent, by being worked up with gelatinous size or a weak solution of glue, liquefied in a kettle. Many of the colours are previously thickened, however, with starch. Sometimes coloured lakes are employed. See LAKES.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-7571067011013182404?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/7571067011013182404/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=7571067011013182404' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7571067011013182404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/7571067011013182404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-paper-hangings.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Paper-hangings.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2981388509829501429</id><published>2011-05-05T13:33:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T13:34:48.131+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pigmentit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maaliaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kuvitus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='värien sekoittaminen t. valmistaminen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Paints, Grinding of.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PAINTS, GRINDING OF. There are many pigments, such as common orpiment, or king's yellow, and verdigris, which are strong poisons; others which are very deleterious, and occasion dreadful maladies, such as white lead, red lead, chrome yellow, and vermilion; none of which can be safely ground by hand with the slab and muller, but should always be triturated in a mill. The emanations of white lead cause, first, that dangerous disease the &lt;em&gt;colica pictonum&lt;/em&gt;, afterwards paralysis, or premature decrepitude and lingering death.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/775.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/776.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/777.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 0; cursor: pointer;" src="http://www.coloriasto.net/files/dictionary_of_art/778.png"  border="0"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Figs. 775, 776, 777, 778 exhibit the construction of a good colour-mill in three views; fig. 775 being an elevation shown upon the side of the handle, or where the power is applied to the shaft; fig. 776 a second elevation, taken upon the side of the line c, d, of the plan or bird's-eye view, fig. 777.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The frame-work A A of the mill is made of wood or cast iron, strongly mortised or bolted together; and strengthened by the two cross iron bars E, F Fig. 778 is a plan of the millstones. The lying or nether millstone C, fig. 776, is of cast iron, and is channelled on its upper face like corn millstones. It is fixed upon the two iron bars, B B; but may be preferably supported upon the 3 points of adjustable screws, passing up through bearing-bars. The millstone C is surrounded by a large iron hoop D, for preventing the pasty-consistenced colour from running over the edge. It can escape only by the sluice hole E, fig. 776, formed in the hood; and is then received in the tub X placed beneath.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The upper or moving millstone F, is also made of cast iron. The dotted lines indicate its shape. In the centre it has an aperture with ledges G, G; there is also a ledge upon its outer circumference, sufficiently high to confine the colour which may occasionally accumulate upon its surface. An upright iron shaft H passes into the turning stone, and gives motion to it. A horizontal iron bevel wheel C, figs. 776, 777, furnished with 27 wooden teeth, is fixed upon the upper end of the upright shaft H. A similar bevel wheel L, having the same number of teeth, is placed vertically upon the horizontal iron axis M, M, and works into the wheel X. This horizontal axis M, M bears, at one of  its ends, a handle of winch N, by which the workman may turn the millstone F; and on the other end of the same axis, the fly-wheel O is made fast, which serves to regulate the movements of the machine. Upon one of the spoken of the fly-wheel there is fixed, in like manner, a handle F, which may serve upon occasion for turning the mill. This handle may be attached at any convenient distance from the centre, by means of the slot and screw-nut J.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The colour to be ground is put into the hopper E, below which the bucket S is suspended, for supplying the colour uniformly through the orifice in the millstone G. A cord of chain T, by means of which the bucket S is suspended at a proper height for pouring out the requisite quantity of colour between the stones, pulls the bucket obliquely, and makes its beak rest against the square upright shaft H. By this means the bucket is continually agitated in such a way as to discharge more or less color, according to its degree of inclination. The copper cistern X, receives the colour successively as it is ground; and, when full, it may be carried away by the two handles Z, Z; it may be emptied by the stopcock Y, without removing the tub.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2981388509829501429?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2981388509829501429/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2981388509829501429' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2981388509829501429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2981388509829501429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-paints-grinding-of.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Paints, Grinding of.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4982515585694597652</id><published>2011-05-04T11:48:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T11:49:06.872+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='auripigmentti t. orpimentti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Orpiment.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ORPIMENT (Eng. and Fr., &lt;em&gt;Yellow sulphuret of arsenic; Operment, Rauschgelb&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.), occurs in the indistinct crystalline particles, and sometimes in oblique rhomboidal prisms; but for the most part, in kidney and other imitative forms; it has a scaly and granular aspect; texture foliated, or radiated; fracture small granular, passing into conchoidal, splintery, opaque, shining, with a weak diamond lustre; lemon, orange, or honey yellow; sometimes green; specific gravity, 3.44 to 3.6. It is found in floetz rocks, in marl, clay, sand-stone, along with realgar, lead-glance, pyrites, and blende, in many parts of the world. It volatilizes at the blowpipe. It is used as a pigment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The finest specimens come from Persia, in brilliant yellow masses, of a lamellar texture, called golden orpiment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Artificial orpiment is manufactured chiefly in Saxony, by subliming in cast iron cucurbits, surmounted by conical cast-iron capitals, a mixture in due proportions of sulphur and arsenious acid (white arsenic). As thus obtained, it is in yellow compact opaque masses, of a glassy aspect; affording a powder of a pale yellow color. Genuine orpiment is often adulterated with an ill-made compound; which is sold in this country by the preposterous name of king's yellow. This fictitious substance is frequently nothing else than white arsenic combined with a little sulphur; and is quite soluble in water. It is therefore a deadly poison, and has been administered with criminal intentions and fatal effects. I had occasion, some years ago, to examine such a specimen of king's yellow, with which a woman had killed her child. A proper insoluble sulphuret of arsenic, like the native or the Saxon, may be prepared by transmitting sulphureted hydrogen gas through any arsenical solution. It consists of 38.09 sulphur, and 60.92 of metallic arsenic, and is not remarkably poisonous. The finest kinds of native orpiment are reserved for artists; the inferior are used for the indigo vat. They are all soluble in alkaline leys, and in water of ammonia.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4982515585694597652?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4982515585694597652/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4982515585694597652' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4982515585694597652'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4982515585694597652'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-orpiment.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Orpiment.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1228830919698912550</id><published>2011-05-03T11:08:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T11:09:18.712+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='orsiini ja orseiini'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lakmus ja orselji jne. jäkälävärit'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Orcine.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ORCINE is the name of the colouring principle of the &lt;em&gt;lichen dealbatus&lt;/em&gt;. The lichen dried and pulverized is to be exhausted by boiling alcohol. The solution filtered hot, lets fall in the cooling crystalline flocks, which do not belong to the colouring matter. The supernatant alcohol is to be distilled off, the residuum is to be evaporated to the consistence of an extract, and triturated with water till this liquid will dissolve no more. The aqueous solution reduced to the consistence of sirup, and left to itself in a cool place, lets fall, at the end of a few days, long brown brittle needles, which are to be freed by pressure from the mother water, and dried. That water being treated with animal charcoal, filtered and evaporated, will yield a second crop of crystals. These are orcine. Its taste is sweet and nauseous; it melts readily  in a retort into a transparent liquid, and distils without undergoing any changes. It is soluble in water and alcohol. Nitric acid colours it blood-red; which colour afterwards disappears. Subacetate of lead precipitates it completely. Its conversion into the archil red is effected by the action of an alkali, in contact with the air. When dissolved, for example, in ammonia, and exposed to the atmosphere, it takes a dirty brown red hue; but when the orcine is exposed to air charged with vapors of ammonia, it assumes by degrees a fine violet color. To obtain this result, the orcine in powder should be placed in a capsule, alongside of a saucer containing water of ammonia; and both should be covered by a large bell glass; whenever the orcine has acquired a dark brown cast, it must be withdrawn from under the bell, and the excess of ammonia be allowed to volatilize. As soon as the smell of ammonia is gone, the orcine is to be dissolved in water; and then a few drops of ammonia being poured into the brownish liquid, it assumes a magnificent reddish-violet color. Acetic acid precipitates the red lake of lichen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1228830919698912550?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1228830919698912550/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1228830919698912550' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1228830919698912550'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1228830919698912550'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-orcine.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Orcine.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3935660085679977105</id><published>2011-05-02T20:56:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T20:57:16.375+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='okrat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Ochre.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OCHRE, &lt;em&gt;yellow and brown&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Ocre&lt;/em&gt;, Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Ocker&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.), is a native earthy mixture of silica and alumina, coloured by oxide of iron, with occasionally a little calcareous matter and magnesia. Ochre occurs in beds some feet thick, which lie generally above the oolite, are covered by sandstone and quartzose sands more or less ferruginous, and are accompanied by gray plastic clays, of a yellowish or reddish color; all of them substances which contribute more or less to its formation. The ochry earths are prepared for use by grinding under edge millstones, and elutriation. The yellow ochres may be easily rendered red or reddish brown by calcination in a reverberatory oven, which oxidizes their iron to a higher degree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Native red ochre is called red chalk and reddle in England. It is an intimate mixture of clay and red iron ochre; is massive; of an earthy fracture; is brownish-red, blood-red, stains and writes red. The oxide of iron is sometimes so considerable, that the ochre may be reckoned an ore of that metal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ochre beds of England are in the iron sand, the lowest of the formations which intervene between chalk and oolites. Beds of fuller's earth alternate with the iron sand. The following is a section of the ochre pits at Shotover Hill, near Oxford:-&lt;br /&gt;Beds of highly ferruginous grit, forming the summit of the hill ... 6 feet.&lt;br /&gt;Gray sand ...  3do.&lt;br /&gt;Ferruginous concretions ... 1&lt;br /&gt;Yellow sand ... 6&lt;br /&gt;Cream coloured loam ... 4&lt;br /&gt;Ochre ... 0 6 inches.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beneath this, there is a second bed of ochre, separated by a thing bed of clay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bole, or Armenian bole, called also Lemnian earth, and terra sigillata, because when refined it was stamped with a seal; is massive, with a conchoidal fracture, a feeble lustre, reddish-yellow or brown, a greasy feel; adheres to the tongue, spec. grav. 1.4 to 2.0. It occurs in the island of Stalimene (the ancient Lesbos), and in several other places, especially at Sienna; whence the brown pigment called &lt;em&gt;terra di Siena&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-3935660085679977105?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/3935660085679977105/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=3935660085679977105' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3935660085679977105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/3935660085679977105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-ochre.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Ochre.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2437147330404539760</id><published>2011-05-01T18:26:00.006+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T18:28:50.012+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bresilja t. fernambuko'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ehostus ja kauneuden hoito'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  N. Nacarat. Nicaraqua wood.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NACARAT is a term derived from the Spanish word &lt;em&gt;nacar&lt;/em&gt;, which signifies mother of pearl; and is applied to a pale red color, with an orange cast. See CALICO-PRINTING. The &lt;em&gt;nacarat&lt;/em&gt; of Portugal or &lt;em&gt;Bezetta&lt;/em&gt; is a crape or fine linen fabric, dyed fugitively of the above tint, which ladies rub upon their countenances to give them a roseate hue. Turks of Constantinople manufacture the brightest red crapes of this kind. See ROUGE. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NICARAQUA WOOD is the wood of the &lt;em&gt;Caesalpinia echinata&lt;/em&gt;, a tree which grows in Nicaraca. It is used with solution of tin as a mordant to dye a bright but fugitive red. It is an inferior sort of Brazil wood.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2437147330404539760?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2437147330404539760/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2437147330404539760' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2437147330404539760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2437147330404539760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/05/dictionary-of-arts-n-nacarat-nicaraqua.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  N. Nacarat. Nicaraqua wood.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2314171760666863262</id><published>2011-04-30T18:23:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T18:23:45.201+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='napolinkeltainen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Naples Yellow.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NAPLES YELLOW (&lt;em&gt;Jaune minéral&lt;/em&gt;, Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Naepelgelb&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.), is a fine yellow pigment, called &lt;em&gt;giallolino&lt;/em&gt;, in Italy, where it has been long prepared by a secret process; for few of recipes which have been published produce a good color. It is employed not only in oil painting, but also for porcelain and enamel. It has a fresh, brilliant, rich hue, but is apt to be very unequal in different samples.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following prescription has been confidently recommended. Twelve parts of metallic antimony are to be calcined in a reverberatory furnace, along with eight parts of red lead, and four parts of oxide of zinc. These mixed oxydes, being well rubbed together, are to be fused; and the fused mass is to be triturated and elutriated into a fine powder. Chromate of lead has in a great measure superseded Naples yellow.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2314171760666863262?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2314171760666863262/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2314171760666863262' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2314171760666863262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2314171760666863262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/04/dictionary-of-arts-naples-yellow.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Naples Yellow.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-8204632984983974674</id><published>2011-04-29T18:20:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T18:20:58.768+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nankin - nankeen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Nankin.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NANKIN is a peculiarly coloured cotton cloth, originally manufactured in the above named ancient capital of China, from a native cotton of a brown yellow hue. Nankin cloth has been long imitated in perfection by our own manufactures; and is now exported in considerable quantities from England to Canton. The following is the process for dyeing calico a nankin color.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Take 300 pounds of cotton yarn in hanks, being the quantity which four workmen can dye in a day. The yarn for the warp may be about No. 27's, and that for the weft 23's or 24's.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. For &lt;em&gt;aluming&lt;/em&gt; that quantity, take 10 pounds of saturated alum, free from iron (see MORDANT); divide this into two portions; dissolve the first by itself in hot water, so as to form a solution of spec. grav. 1&amp;deg; Baumé. The second portion is to be reserved for the galling bath.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;em&gt;Galling&lt;/em&gt; is given with about 80 pounds of oak bark finely ground. This bark may serve for two quantities, if it be applied a little longer the second time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Take 30 pounds of fresh slaked quicklime, and form with it a large bath of limewater.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;em&gt;Nitro-muriate of tin.&lt;/em&gt; For the last bath, 10 or 12 pounds of solution of tin are used, which is prepared as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Take 10 pounds of strong nitric acid, and dilute with pure water till its specific gravity be 26&amp;deg; B. Dissolve in it 4633 grains (10&amp;frac12; oz. avoird.) of sal ammoniac, and 3 oz. of nitre. Into this solvent, contained in a bottle set in cold water, introduce successively, in very small portions, 28 ounces of grain-tin granulated. This solution, when made, must be kept in a well stoppered bottle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three coppers are required, one round, about five feet in diameter, and 32 inches deep, for scouring the cotton; 2. two rectangular coppers tinned inside, each 5 feet long and 20 inches deep. Two boxes or cisterns of white wood are to be provided, the one for the lime-water bath, and the other for the solution of tin, each about 7 feet long, 32 inches wide, and 14 inches deep; they are set upon a platform 28 inches high. In the middle between these two chests, a plank is fixed, mounted with twenty-two pegs for wringing the hanks upon, as they are taken out of the bath.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;em&gt;Aluming.&lt;/em&gt; After the cotton yarn has been scoured with water, in the round copper, by being boiled in successive portions of 100 pounds, it must be winced in one of the square tinned coppers, containing two pounds of alum dissolved in 96 gallons of water, at a temperature of 165&amp;deg; F. It is to be then drained over the copper, exposed for some time upon the grass, rinsed in clear water, and wrung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. The &lt;em&gt;galling&lt;/em&gt;. Having filled four-fifths of the second square copper with water, 40 pounds of ground oak bark are to be introduced, tied up in a bag of open canvass, and boiled for two hours. The bag being withdrawn, the cotton yarn is to be winced through the boiling tan bath for a quarter of an hour. While the yarn is set to drain above the bath, 28 ounces of alum are to be dissolved in it, and the yarn being once more winced through it for a quarter of an hour, is then taken out, drained, wrung, and exposed to the air. It has now acquire a deep but rather dull yellowish color, and is ready without washing for the next process. Bablah may be substituted for oak bark with advantage. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. The &lt;em&gt;liming&lt;/em&gt;. Into the cistern filled with fresh made lime-water, the hanks of cotton yarn, suspended upon a series of wooden rods, are to be dipped freely three times in rapid succession; then each hank is to be separately moved by hand through the lime bath, till the desired carmelite shade appear. A weak soda ley may be used instead of lime water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. The &lt;em&gt;brightening&lt;/em&gt; is given by passing the above hanks, after squeezing, rinsing, and airing them, through a dilute bath of solution of tin. The colour thus produced is said to resemble perfectly the nankin of China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another kind of nankin colour is given by oxide of iron, precipitated upon the fibre of the cloth, from a solution of the sulphate, by a solution of soda. See CALICO-PRINTING.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-8204632984983974674?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/8204632984983974674/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=8204632984983974674' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8204632984983974674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/8204632984983974674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/04/dictionary-of-arts-nankin.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts: Nankin.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-4347985949835326602</id><published>2011-04-28T18:16:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T18:17:18.513+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='malakiitti'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mastiksi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Malachite. Mastic. Mica.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MALACHITE or &lt;em&gt;mountain green&lt;/em&gt; is native carbonate of copper of a beautiful green colour, with variegated radiations and zones; spec. grav. 3.5; it scratches calc-spar, but not fluor; by calcination it affords water and turns black. Its solution in the acids deposits copper upon a plate of iron plunged into it. It consists of carbonic acid 18.5; deutoxide of copper 72.2; water 9.3. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MASTIC (Eng. and Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Mastiz&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.) is a resin produced by making incisions in the &lt;em&gt;Pistacia Lentiscus&lt;/em&gt;, a tree cultivated in the Levant and chiefly in the island of Chios. It comes to us in yellow, brittle, transparent, rounded tears; which soften between the teeth; with bitterish taste and aromatic smell and a specific gravity of 1.07. Mastic consists of two resins one soluble in dilute alcohol; but both dissolve in strong alcohol. Its solution in spirit of wine constitutes a good varnish. It dissolves also in oil of turpentine. See VARNISH.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MICA is finely foliated mineral of a pearly metallic lustre. It is harder than gypsum, but not so hard as calc-spar; flexible and elastic; spec. grav. 2. 65. It an ingredient of granite and gneiss. The large sheets of mica exposed for sale in London, are mostly brought from Siberia. They are used, instead of glass, to enclose the fire, without concealing the flame, in certain stoves.&lt;br /&gt;The mica of Fahlun, analyzed by Rose, afforded, silica, 46.22; alumina, 34.52; peroxide? of iron, 6.04; potash, 8.22; magnesia, with oxide of manganese, 2.11; fluoric acid, 1.09; water, 0.98.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-4347985949835326602?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/4347985949835326602/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=4347985949835326602' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4347985949835326602'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/4347985949835326602'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/04/dictionary-of-arts-malachite-mastic.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Malachite. Mastic. Mica.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-2366489092243508355</id><published>2011-04-27T10:55:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-25T10:57:02.950+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='musiivikulta'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Mosaic gold.</title><content type='html'>MOSAIC GOLD. For the composition of this peculiar alloy of copper and zinc, called also &lt;em&gt;Or-molu&lt;/em&gt;, Messrs. Parker and Hamilton obtained a patent in November, 1925. Equal quantities of copper and zinc are to be "melted at the lowest temperature that copper will fuse," which being stirred together so as to produce a perfect admixture of the metals, a further quantity of zinc is added in small portions, until the alloy in the melting pot becomes of the colour required. If the temperature of the copper be to high, a portion of the zinc will fly off in vapor, and the result will be merely spelter or hard solder; but if the operation be carried on at as low a heat as possible, the alloy will assume first a brassy yellow color; then, by the introduction of small portions of zinc, it will take a purple or violet hue, and will ultimately become perfectly white; which the appearance of the proper compound in its fused state. This alloy may be poured into ingots; but as it is difficult to preserve its character when re-melted, it should be cast directly into the figured moulds. The patentees claim the exclusive right of compounding a metal consisting of from 52 to 55 parts of zinc out of 100.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mosaic gold&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;aurum musicum&lt;/em&gt; of the old chemists, is a sulphuret of tin.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-2366489092243508355?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/2366489092243508355/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=2366489092243508355' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2366489092243508355'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/2366489092243508355'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/04/dictionary-of-arts-mosaic-gold.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Mosaic gold.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-1288381928856434692</id><published>2011-04-26T18:40:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-23T18:41:13.425+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='puretusaineet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts:  Mordant.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MORDANT, in dyeing and calico-printing, denotes a body which, having a twofold attraction for organic fibres and colouring particles, serves as a bond of union between them, and thus gives fixity to dyes; or it signifies a substance which, by combining with colouring particles in the pores of textile filaments, renders them insoluble in hot soapy and weak alkaline solutions. In order properly to appreciate the utility and the true functions of mordants, we must bear in mind that colouring matters are peculiar compounds possessed of certain affinities, their distinctive characters being not to be either acid or alkaline, and yet to be capable of combining with many bodies, and especially with salifiable bases, and of receiving from each of them modifications in their color, solubility, and alterability. Organic colouring substances, when pure, have a very energetic attraction for certain bodies, feeble for others, and none at all for some. Among these immediate products of animal or vegetable life, some are soluble in pure water, and others become so only through peculiar agents. Among these immediate products of animal or vegetable life, some are soluble in pure water, and others become so only through peculiar agents. We may thus readily conceive, that whenever a dye-stuff possesses a certain affinity for the organic fibre, it will be able to become fixed on it, or to dye it without the intervention of mordants, if it be insoluble by itself in water, which, in fact, is the case with the colouring matters of safflower, annotto, and indigo. The first two are soluble in alkalis; hence, in order to use them, they need only be dissolved in a weak alkaline ley, be thus applied to the stuffs, and then have their tinctorial substance precipitated within their pores, by abstracting their solvent alkali with an acid. The colouring matter, at the instant of ceasing to be liquid, is in an extremely divided state, and is in contact with the organic fibres for which it has a certain affinity. It therefore unites with them, and, being naturally insoluble in water, that is, having no affinity for this vehicle, the subsequent washings have no effect upon the dye. The same thing may be said of indigo, although its solubility in the dye-bath does not depend upon a similar cause, but is due to a modification of its constituent elements, in consequence of which it becomes soluble in alkalis. Stuffs plunged into this indigo bath get impregnated with the solution, so that when again exposed to the air, the dyeing substance resumes at once its primitive colour and insolubility, and washing can carry off only the portions in excess above the intimate combination, or which are merely deposited upon the surface of the stuff.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Such is the result with insoluble colouring matters; but for those which are soluble it should be quite the reverse, since they do not possess an affinity for the organic fibres, which can counterbalance their affinity for water. In such circumstances, the dyer must have recourse to intermediate bodies, which add their affinity for the colouring matter to that possessed by the particles of the stuff, and increase by this twofold action the intimacy and the stability of the combination. These intermediate bodies are the true &lt;em&gt;mordants&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mordants are in general found among the metallic bases or oxydes; whence they might be supposed to be very numerous, like the metals; but as they must unite the twofold condition of possessing a strong affinity for both the colouring matter and the organic fibre, and as the insoluble bases are almost the only ones fit to form insoluble combinations, we may thus perceive that their number may be very limited. It is well known, that although lime and magnesia, for example, have a considerable affinity for colouring particles, and form insoluble compounds with them, yet they cannot be employed as mordants, because they possess no affinity for the textile fibres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Experience has proved, that of all the bases, those which succeed best as mordants are alumina, tin, and oxide of iron; the first two of which, being naturally white, are the only ones which can be employed for preserving to the colour its original tint, at least without much variation. But whenever the mordant is itself colored, it will cause the dye to take a compound colour quite different from its own. If, as is usually said, the mordant enters into a real chemical union with the stuff to be dyed, the application of the mordant should obviously be made in such circumstances as are known to be most favorable to the combination taking place; and this is the principle of every day's practice in the dye-house.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order that a combination may result between two bodies, they must not only be in contact, but they must be reduced to their ultimate molecules. The mordants  that are to be united with stuffs are, as we have seen, insoluble of themselves, for which reason their particles must be divided by solution in an appropriate vehicle. Now this solvent or menstruum will exert in its own favor an affinity for the mordant, which will prove to that extent an obstacle to its attraction for the stuff. Hence we must select such solvents as have a weaker affinity for the mordants than the mordants have for the stuffs. Of all the acids which can be employed to dissolve alumina, for example, vinegar is the one which will retain it with least energy, for which reason the acetate of alumina is now generally substituted for alum, because the acetic acid gives up the alumina with such readiness, that mere elevation of temperature is sufficient to effect the separation of these two substances. Before this substitution of the acetate, alum alone was employed; but without knowing the true reason, all the French dyers preferred the alum of Rome, simply regarding it to be the purest; it is only within these few years that they have understood the real grounds of this preference. This alum has not, in fact, the same composition as the alums of France, England, and Germany, but it consists chiefly of cubic alum having a larger proportion of base.  Now this extra portion of base is held by the sulphuric acid more feebly than the rest, and hence is more readily detached in the form of a mordant. Nay, when a solution of cubic alum is heated, this redundant alumina falls down in the state of a subsulphate, long before it reaches the boiling point. This difference had not, however, been recognized, because Roman alum, being usually soiled with ochre on the surface, gives a turbid solution, whereby the precipitate of subsulphate of alumina escaped observation. When the liquid was filtered, and crystallized afresh, common octahedral alum alone was obtained; whence it was most erroneously concluded, that the preference given to Roman alum was unjustifiable, and that its only superiority was in being freer from iron.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here a remarkable anecdote illustrates the necessity of extreme caution, before we venture to condemn from theory a practice found to be useful in the arts, or set about changing it. When the French were masters in Rome, on of their ablest chemists was sent thither to inspect the different manufactures, and to place them upon a level with the state of chemical knowledge. One of the fabrics, which seemed to him furthest behindhand, was precisely that of alum, and he was particularly hostile to the construction of the furnaces, in which vast boilers received heat merely at their bottoms, and could not be made to boil. He strenuously advised them to be new modelled upon a plan of his own; but, notwithstanding his advice, which was no doubt very scientific, the old routine kept its ground, supported by utility and reputation, and very fortunately too, for the manufacture; for had the higher heat been given to the boilers, no more genuine cubical alum would have been made, since it is decomposed at a temperature of about 120&amp;deg; F., and common octahedral alum would alone have been produced. The addition of a little alkali to common alum brings it into the same basic state as the alum of Rome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The two principal conditions, namely, extreme tenuity of particles, and liberty of action, being found in a mordant, its operation is certain. But as the combination to be effected is merely the result of a play of affinity between the solvent and the stuff to be dyed, a sort of partition must take place, proportioned to the mass of the solvent, as well as to its attractive force. Hence the stuff will retain more of the mordant when its solution is more concentrated, that is, when the base diffused through it is not so much protected by a large mass of menstruum; a fact applied to very valuable uses by the practical man. Om impregnating in calico printing, for example, different spots of the same web with the same mordant in different degrees of concentration, there is obtained in the dye-bath a depth of colour upon these spots intense in proportion to the strength of their various mordants. Thus, with solution of acetate of alumina in different grades of density, and with madder, every shade can be produced, from the fullest red to the lightest pink; and, with acetate of iron and madder, every shade from black to pale violet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We hereby perceive that recourse must indispensably be had to mordants at different stages of concentration; a circumstance readily realized by varying the proportions of the watery vehicle. See CALICO-PRINTING and MADDER. When these mordants are to be topically applied, to produce partial dyes upon cloth, they must be thickened with starch or gum, to prevent their spreading, and to permit a sufficient body of them to become attached to the stuff. Starch answers best for the more neutral mordants, and gum for the acidulous; but so much of them should never be used, as to impede the attraction of the mordant for the cloth. Nor should the thickened mordants be of too desiccative a nature, lest they become hard, and imprison the chemical agent before it has had an opportunity of combining with the cloth, during the slow evaporation of its water and acid. Hence the mordanted goods, in such a case, should be hung up to dry in a gradual manner, and when oxygen is necessary to the fixation of the base, they should be largely exposed to the atmosphere. The foreman of the factory ought, therefore, to be thoroughly conversant with all the minuti&amp;aelig; of chemical reaction. In cold and damp weather he must raise the temperature of his drying-house, in order to command a more decided evaporation; and when the atmosphere is unusually dry and warm, he should add deliquescent correctives to his thickening, as I have particularized in treating of some styles of calico-printing. But, supposing the application of the mordant and its desiccation to have been properly managed, the operation is by no means complete; nay, what remains to be done is not the least important to success, nor the least delicate of execution. Let us bear in mind that the mordant is intended to combine not only with the organic fibre, but afterwards also with the colouring matter, and that, consequently, it must be laid entirely bare, or scraped clean, so to speak, that is, completely disengaged from all foreign substances which might invest it, and obstruct its intimate contact with the colouring matters. This is the principle and the object of two operations, to which the names of &lt;em&gt;dunging&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;clearing&lt;/em&gt; have been given.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the mordant applied to the surface of the cloth were completely decomposed, and the whole of its base brought into chemical union with it, a mere rinsing or scouring in water would suffice for removing the viscid substances added to it, but this never happens, whatsoever precautions may be taken; one portion of the mordant remains untouched, and besides, one part of the base of the portion decomposed does not enter into combination with the stuff, but continues loose and superfluous. All these particles, therefore, must be removed without causing any injury to the dyes. If in this predicament the stuff were merely immersed in water, the free portion of the mordant would dissolve, and would combine indiscriminately with all the parts of the cloths not mordanted, and which should be carefully protected from such combination, as well as the action of the dye. We must therefore add to the scouring water some substance that is capable of seizing the mordant as soon as it is separated from the cloth, and of forming with it an insoluble compound; by which means we shall withdraw it from the sphere of action, and prevent its affecting the rest of the stuff, or interfering with the other dyes. This result is obtained by the addition of cow-dung to the scouring bath; a substance which contains a sufficiently great proportion of soluble animal matters, and of colouring particles, for absorbing the aluminous and ferruginous salts. The heat given to the dung-bath accelerated this combination, and determines an insoluble and perfectly inert coagulum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus the dung-bath produces at once the solution of the thickening paste; a more intimate union between the alumina or iron and the stuff, in proportion to its elevation of temperature, which promotes that union; an effectual subtraction of the undecomposed and superfluous part of the mordant, and perhaps a commencement of mechanical separation of the particles of alumina, which are merely dispersed among the fibres; a separation, however, which can be completed only by the proper scouring, which is done by the dash-wheel with such agitation and pressure (see BLEACHING and DUNGING) as vastly facilitate the expulsion of foreign particles. See also BRAN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before concluding this article, we may say a word or two about astringents, and especially gall-nuts, which have been ranked by some writers among mordants. It is rather difficult to account for the part which they play. Of course we do not allude to their operation in the black dye, where they give the well known purple-black color, with salts of iron; but to the circumstance of their employment for madder dyes, and especially the Adrianople red. All that seems to be clearly established is, that the astringent principle of tannin, whose peculiar nature in this respect is unknown, combines like mordants with the stuffs and the colouring substance, so as to fix it; but as this tannin has itself a brown tint, it will not suit for white grounds, though it answers quite well for pink grounds. When white spots are desired upon a cloth prepared with oil and galls, they are produced by an oxygenous discharge, effected either through chlorine of chromic acid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MORDANT is also the name of sometimes given to the adhesive matter by which gold-leaf is made to adhere to surfaces of wood and metal in gilding. Paper, vellum, taffety, &amp;c., are easily gilt by the aid of different mordants, such as the following: 1. beer in which some honey and gum arabic have been dissolved; 2. gum arabic, sugar, and water; 3. the viscid juice of onion or hyacinth, strengthened with a little gum arabic. When too much gum is employed, the silver or gold leaf is apt to crack in the drying of the mordant. A little carmine should be mixed with the above colorless liquids, to mark the places where they are applied. The foil is applied by means of a dossil of cotton wool, and when the mordant has become hard, the foil is polished with the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best medium for sticking gold and silver leaf to wood is the following, called &lt;em&gt;mixtion&lt;/em&gt; by the French artists: - 1 pounds of amber is to be fused, with 4 ounces of mastic in tears, and 1 ounce of Jewish pitch, and the whole dissolved in 1 pounds of linseed oil rendered drying by litharge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Painters in distemper sometimes increase the effect of their work, by patches of gold leaf, which they place in favorable positions; they employ the above mordant. The manufacturers of paper hangings of the finer kinds attach gold and silver leaf to them by the same varnish.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2590151079260894896-1288381928856434692?l=coloriasto.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/feeds/1288381928856434692/comments/default' title='Lähetä kommentteja'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2590151079260894896&amp;postID=1288381928856434692' title='0 kommenttia'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1288381928856434692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2590151079260894896/posts/default/1288381928856434692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://coloriasto.blogspot.com/2011/04/dictionary-of-arts-mordant.html' title='A Dictionary of Arts:  Mordant.'/><author><name>Päivi</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16739490706796543962</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='29' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dn5A51DVC3Q/SQ1-WDF_S4I/AAAAAAAABbY/KmZe8LXWlhQ/S220/07-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2590151079260894896.post-3611333302647483939</id><published>2011-04-25T16:22:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2012-01-22T16:22:46.714+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1840-luku'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='1847'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='krappi'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='englanninkieliset'/><title type='text'>A Dictionary of Arts: Madder.</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;width:25%; float:right; padding:0; margin:0 0 0 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; containing A Clear Exposition of Their Principles and Practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Andrew Ure, M. D.;&lt;br /&gt;F. R. S. M. G. S. Lond.: M. Acad. M. S. Philad.; S. PH. DOC. N. GERM. Ranow.; Mulh. Etc. Etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Illustrated with nearly fifteen hundred engravings on wood&lt;br /&gt;Eleventh American, From The Last London Edition.&lt;br /&gt;To which is appended, a Supplement of Recent Improvements to The Present Time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New York: D Appleton &amp; company, 200 Broadway. Philadelphia: George S. Appleton, 148 Chestnut St.&lt;br /&gt;MDCCCXLVII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1847&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MADDER. (&lt;em&gt;Garance&lt;/em&gt;, Fr.; &lt;em&gt;Farberröthe&lt;/em&gt;, Germ.), a substance very extensively used in dyeing, is the root of the &lt;em&gt;Rubia tinctorum&lt;/em&gt;, a plant, of which two species are distinguished by Linn&amp;aelig;us.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best roots are those which have the size of a writing quill, or, at most, of the little finger. They are semi-transparent, and reddish; have a strong odor, and a smooth bark. They should be of two or three years' growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The madder, taken from the ground and picked, must be dried in order to be ground and preserved. In warm climates it is dried in the open air; but, elsewhere, stoves must be employed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stingy filaments and epidermis are to be removed, called &lt;em&gt;mulle&lt;/em&gt;; as also the pith, so as to leave nothing but the ligneous fibres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The preparation of madders is carried on in the department of the Rhone, in the following manner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The roots are dried in a stove heated by means of a furnace, from which the air is allowed to issue only at intervals, at the moment when it is judged to be saturated with moisture. The furnace-flue occupies a great portion of the floor; above sare three close gratings, on which the roots are distributed in layers of about two decimetres (nearly 8 inches). At the end of 24 hours, those which are on the first grated floor directly above the stove are dry, when they are taken away and replaced by those of the superior floors. This operation is repeated whenever the roots over the stove are dry. The dry roots are  thrashed with a flail, passed through fanners similar to those employed for corn, and then shaken upon a very coarse sieve. What passes through is farther winnowed and sifted through a finer sieve than the first. These operations are repeated five times, proceeding successively to sieves still finer and finer, and setting aside every time what remains on the sieve. What passes through the fifth sieve is rejected as sand and dust. After these operations, the whole fibrous matters remaining on the sieve are cleaned with common fanners, and women separate all the foreign matters which had not been removed before. For dividing the roots, afterwards, into different qualities, a brass sieve is made use of, whose meshes are from six to three millimetres in diameter (from &amp;frac14;th to inch E.) What passes through the finest is rejected; and what passes through the coarsest is regarded as of the best quality. These roots, thus separated, are carried into a stove, of a construction somewhat different from the first. They are spread out in layers of about a decimetre in thickness (nearly 4 inches E.), on large lattice-work frames, and the drying is known to be complete, when on taking up a handful and squeezing it, the roots break easily. On quitting the stove, the madder is carried, still hot, into a machine,   where it is minced small, and a sieve separates the portion of the bark reduced to powder. This operation is repeated three or four times, and then the boulter is had recourse to. What passes through the sieve, or the brass meshes of the boulter, is regarded as common madder; and what issues at the extremity of the boulter is called the flour. Lastly, the madder which passes through the boulter is ground in a mill with vertical stones, and then passed through sieves of different sizes. What remains above is always better than what goes through.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The madder of Alsace is reduced to a very fine powder, and its colouring matter is extracted by a much longer ebullition than is necessary for the lizari of the Levant. The prepared madders ought to be carefully preserved from humidity, because they easily imbibe moisture, in which case fermentation spoils their colour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D'Ambourney and Beckman have asserted, that it is mode advantageous to employ the fresh root of madder than what has been submitted to desiccation, especially by means  of stoves. But in its states of freshness, its volume becomes troublesome in the dyeing bath, and uniform observation seems to prove that it ameliorates by age. Besides, it must be rendered susceptible of keeping and carrying easily.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It appears that madder may be considered as composed of two colouring substances, one of which is dun (tawny), and the other is red. Both of these substances may combine with the stuff. It is of consequence, however, to fix only the red part. The dun portion appears to be more soluble, but its fixity on stuffs may possibly be increased by the affinity which it has for the red portion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The different additions made to madder, and the multiplied processes to which it is sometimes exposed, have probably this separation for their chief object.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The red portion of madder is soluble, but in small quantity, in water. Hence but a limited concentration can be given to its solution. If the portion of this substance be too much increased, so far from obtaining a greater effect, we merely augment the proportion of the dun part, which is the more soluble of the two. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In consequence of the Sociétié Industrielle of Mulhausen having offered in the year 1826 large premiums to the authors of the best analytical investigation of madder, eight memoirs were transmitted to it in the year 1827.  They were examined with the greatest care by a committee consisting of able scientific and practical men. None of the competitors however fulfilled the conditions of the programme issued by the society; but four of them received a tribute of esteem and gratitude from it; MM. Robiquet and Colin at  Paris, Kuhlmann at Lille, and Houton-Libillardière. Fresh premiums were offered for the next year, to the amount of 2000 francs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every real discovery made concerning this precious root, would be of vast consequence to dyers and calico-printers. Both M. Kuhlmann, and Robiquet and Colin, conceived that they had discovered a new principle in madder, to which they gave the name &lt;em&gt;alizarine&lt;/em&gt;. The latter two chemists treated the powdered madder with sulphuric acid, taking care to let it heat as little as possible. By this action the whole is carbonized, except perhaps the red matter. The charcoal thus obtained is pulverized, mixed with water, thrown upon a filter, and well washed in the cold. It is next dried, ground, and diffused through fifty parts of water, containing six parts of alum. This mixture is then boiled for one quarter of an hour, and thrown upon a filter cloth while boiling hot. The residuum is once more  treated with a little warm alum water. The two liquors are to be mixed, and one part of sulphuric acid poured into them; when they are allowed to cool with occasional agitation. Flocks now make their appearance; the clear liquid is decanted, and the grounds are thrown upon a filter. The precipitate is to be washed, first with aciculated water, then with pure water, and dried, when the colouring matter is obtained in a red or purple state. This purple substance, when heated dry, gives out alizarine, and an empyreumatic oil, having an odor of animal matter; while a charcoally matter remains.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M. Dan. Koechlin, the justly celebrated calico-printer of Mulhausen, has no faith in alizarine as the dyeing principle of madder; and thinks moreover that, were it of value, it could not be extracted on the great scale, on account of the destructive heat which would result from the acid acting upon a considerable body of the ground madder. Their alizarine is not a  uniform substance, as it ought to be, if a proximate principle; for samples of it obtained in different repetitions of the process have produced very variable effects in dyeing. The madders of Avignon, though richer in colour than those of Alsace, afford however little or no alizarine. In fact, &lt;em&gt;purpurine&lt;/em&gt;, the crude substance from which they profess to extract alizarine, is a richer dye than this &lt;em&gt;pure&lt;/em&gt; substance itself. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Madder contains so beautiful and so fast a color, that it has become of almost &lt;br /&gt;universal employment in dyeing; but that colour is accompanied with so many other substances which mask and degrade it, that it can be brought out and fixed only after a series of operations more or less difficult and precarious. This dye is besides so little soluble, that much of it is thrown away in the dye-house; the portion supposed to be exhausted being often as rich as other fresh madder; hence it would be a most valuable improvement in this elegant art to insulate this tinctorial body, and make it a new product of manufacture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before the time of Haussmann, an apothecary at Colmar, the madder bath was subject to many risks,  which that skilful chemist taught dyers how to guard against, by introducing a certain quantity of chalk into the bath. A change of residence led Haussman to this fortunate result. After having made very fine reds at Rouen, he encountered the greatest obstacles in dyeing the same reds at Logelbach near Calmar, where he went to live. Numerous trials, undertaken with the view of obtaining the same success in his establishment, proved that the cause of his favorable results at Rouen existed in the water, which contained carbonate of lime in solution, whilst the water of Logelbach was very pure. He then tried a factitious calcareous water, by adding chalk to his dye bath. Having obtained the most satisfactory results, he was not long of producing here as beautiful and as solid reds as he had done at Rouen. This practice became soon general among the  calico-printers of Alsace, though in many dye-works the chalk is now replaced by lime, potash, or soda. But when the madder of Avignon is used, all these antacid correctives become unnecessary, because it contains a sufficient quantity of carbonate of lime; an important fact first analytically demonstrated by that accurate of chemist M. Henri Schlumberger of Mulhausen. Avignon madder indicates the presence of cabonate of lime in it, by effervescing with dilute acids, which Alsace madder does not. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M. Kuhlman found a free acid resembling the malic, in his analysis of madders. But his experiments were confined to those of Alsace. The madders of Avignon are on the contrary alkaline, as may be inferred from the violet tint of the froth of their infusions; whereas that of the Alsace madders is yellowish, and it strongly reddens litmus paper. This important  difference between the plants of these two districts, depends entirely upon the soil; for madders grown in a calcareous shelly soil in Alsace, have been found to be possessed of the properties of the Avignon madder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The useful action of the carbonate and the phosphate of lime in the madder of Avignon, explains why madders treated with acids which remove their calcareous salts, without taking away their colouring matter, lose the property of forming fast dyes. Many manufacturers are in  the habit of mixing together, and with advantage, different sorts of madder. That of Avignon contains so much calcareous matter that, when mixed with the madder of Alsace, it can compensate for its deficiency. Some of the latter is so deficient as to afford colours nearly as fugitive as those of Brazil wood and quercitron. The Alsace madders by the addition of chalk to their baths, become as fit for dyeing Turkey reds as those of Avignon.  When the water is very pure, one part of chalk ought to be used to be used to five of Alsace madder, but when the waters are calcareous, the chalk should be omitted. Lime, the neutral phosphate of lime, the carbonate of magnesia, oxide and carbonate of zinc, and several other substances, have the property of causing madder to form a fast dye, in like manner as the carbonate of lime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The temperature from 50&amp;deg; to 60&amp;deg; R. (145&amp;deg; to 167&amp;deg; F.), is the best adapted to the solution of the colouring matter, and to its combination with the mordants; and thus a boiling heat may be replaced advantageously by the long continuance of a lower temperature. A large excess of the dye-stuff in the bath is unfavorable in twopoints of view; it causes a waste of colouring matter, and renders the tint dull. It is injurious to allow the bath to cool, and to heat it again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a memoir published by the Society of Mulhausen, in September, 1835, some interesting experiments upon the growth of madders in factitious soils are related by MM. Koechlin, Persoz, and Schlumberger. A patch of ground was prepared containing from 50 to 80 per cent. of chalky matter, and nearly one fifth of its bulk of good horde-dung. Slips of Alsace and Avignon madders were planted in March, 1834, and a part of the roots were reaped in November following. These roots, though of only six months growth, produced tolerably fast dyes, nor was any difference observable between the Alsace and the Avignon species; whilst similar slips or cuttings, planted in a natural non-calcareous soil, alongside of the others, yielded roots which gave fugitive dyes. Others were planted in the soil of Palud, transported from Avignon, which contained more than 90 per cent. of carbonate of lime, and they produced roots that gave still faster dyes than the preceding. Three years are requisite to give the full calcareous impregnation to the indigenous madders of Avignon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As to the function of the chalk, valuable observations, made long ago by M. Daniel Koechlin, have convinced him, that the combination of two different bases with a colouring matter, gave much more solidity to the dye, in consequence, undoubtedly, of a greater insolubility in the compound. Experiments recently made by him and his collagues above named, prove that in all cases of madder dyeing under the influence of chalk, a certain quantity of lime becomes added to the aluminous mordant. In the subsequent clearing with a soap bath, some of the alumine is removed, and there remains upon the fibre of the cloth a combination of these two earths in atomic proportions. Thus the chalk is not for the purpose of saturating the acid, as had been supposed, but of forming a definite compound with alumina, and probably also with the fatty bodies, and the colouring matter itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The red mordants are prepared commonly in Alsace, as follows: - The crushed alum and acetate of lead being weighed, the former is put into a deep tub, and dissolved by adding a proper quantity of hot water, when about one tenth of its weight of soda crystals is introduced to saturate the excess of acid in the alum. The acetate of lead is now mixed in; and as this salt dissolves very quickly, the reaction takes place almost instantly. Care must be taken to stir for an hour. The vessel should not be covered, lest its contents should cool too slowly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The different mordants most generally employed for madder, are detailed under &lt;em&gt;Colours&lt;/em&gt;, in CALICO-PRINTING and MORDANT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Much mordant should not be prepared at once, for sooner or later it will deposit some sub-acetate alumina. This decomposition takes place even in corked phials in the cold; and the precipitate does not readily dissolve again in acetic acid. All practical men know that certain aluminous mordants are decomposed by heating them, and restored on cooling, as Gay Lussac has pointed out. He observed, that by adding to pure acetate of alumina, some alum or sulphate of potash, the mixture acquires the property of forming a precipitate with a heat approaching the boiling point, and of re-dissolving on cooling. The precipitate is alumina nearly pure, according to M. Gay Lussac; but, by M. Koechlin's more recent researches, it is shown to be sub-sulphate of alumina, containing eight times as much base as the neutral sulphate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="madder_dye"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Madder dye.&lt;/strong&gt;- On account of the feeble solubility of its colouring matter in water, we cannot dye with its decoction; but we must boil the dyes-stuff along with the goods to be dyed; whereby the water dissolves fresh portions of the dye, and imparts it in succession to the textile fibres. In dyeing with madder, we must endeavor to fix as little of the dun matter as possible upon the cloth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="dyeing_on_wool"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dyeing on wool.&lt;/strong&gt; - Alumed wool takes, in the madder bath, a red colour, which is not so bright as cochineal red, but it is faster; and as it is far cheaper, it is much used in England to dye soldiers' cloth. A mordant of alum and tartar is employed; the bath of madder, at the rate of from 8 to 16 ounces for the pound of cloth, is heated to such a degree that we can just hold our hand in it, and the goods are then dyed by the wince, without heating the bath more till the colouring matter be fixed. Vitalis prescribes as a mordant, one fourth of alum, and one sixteenth of tartar; and for dyeing, one third of madder, with the addition of a 24th of solution of tin diluted with its weight of water. He raises the temperature in the space of an hour to 200&amp;deg;, and afterwards he boils for 3 or 4 minutes; a circumstance which is believed to contribute to the fixation of the colour. The bath, after dyeing, appears much loaded with yellow matter, because this has less affinity for the alum mordant than the red. Sometimes a little archil is added to the madder, to give the dye a pink tinge; but this is fugitive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Silk is seldom dyed with madder, because cochineal affords brighter tints.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="dyeing_on_cotton"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&gt;Dyeing on cotton and linen&lt;/strong&gt;. - The most brilliant and fastest madder red is the Turkey or Adrianople. The common madder reds are given in the following way: - The yarn or cloth is boiled in a weak alkaline bath, washed, dried, and galled, by steeping the cotton in decoction of bruised galls or of sumach. After drying, it is twice alumed; for which purpose, for every 4 parts of the goods, one part of alum is taken, mixed with 1.16th of its weight of chalk. The goods are dipped into a warm solution of the alum, wrung out, dried , and alumed afresh, with half the quantity. The acetate of alumina mordant, described above, answers much better than common alum for cotton. After the goods are dried and rinsed, they are passed through the dye-bath, which is formed of 3/4 lb. of good madder for every pound of cotton; and it is raised to the boiling point by degrees, in the space of 50 or 60 minutes. Whenever the ebullition has continued a few minutes, the goods must be removed, washed slightly, and dyed a second time in the same way, with as much madder. They are then washed and passed through a warm soap bath, which removes the dun colouring matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hölterfoff describes for ordinary madder red the following proportions: - 20 pounds of cotton yarn; 14 pounds of Dutch madder; 3 pounds of nut-galls; 5 pounds of alum; to which &amp;frac12; lb. of acetate of lead has been first added, and then a quarter of a pound of chalk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the calico-print works the madder goods are passed through a bran bath first, immediately after dyeing; next, after several days exposure to the air, when the dun dye has become oxidized, and is more easily removed. An addition of chalk, on the principles explained above, in sometimes useful in the madder bath. If bran be added to the madder bath, the colour becomes much lighter, and of an agreeable shade. Sometimes bran-water is added to the madder bath, instead of bran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="adrianople"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adrianople or Turkey red&lt;/strong&gt;. - This is the most complicated and tedious operation in the art of dyeing;  but it produces the fastest colour which is known. This dye was discovered in India, and remained long a process peculiar to that country. It was afterwards practised in other part of Asia and in Greece. In 1747, Ferquet and Goudard brought Greek dyers into France, and mounted near Rouen, and in Languedoc, Turkey-red dye works. In 1765, the French government, convinced of the importance of this business, caused the processes to be published. In 1808, Reber, at Mariakirch, furnished the fines yarn of this dye, and M. Köchlin became celebrated for his Turkey-red cloth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="process_of_turkey_red"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Process of Turkey-red.&lt;/strong&gt; - The first step consists in clearing the yarn or cloth in alkaline baths, and dipping them in oily liquors, to which sheep's dung was formerly added. This operation is repeated several times, the goods being dried after each immersion. There next follows the cleansing with alkaline liquors to remove the excess of oil, the galling, the aluming, the maddering, the brightening or removing the dun part of the dye by boiling, at a high temperature, with alkaline liquid, and the rosing by boiling in a bath of salt of tin. We shall give some details concerning this tedious manipulation, and the differences which exist in it in the principal dye-works.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At Rouen, where the process was first brought to perfection, two methods are pursued, called the gray and the yellow course or marsh. In the gray, the dye is given immediately after the cotton has received the oily mordant, the gall, and the alum, as it has then a gray colour. In the yellow course, it is passed through fresh oils, alum, and galls before the maddering, the cotton having then a yellow tint.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Different vews have been taken of the principles of the Turkey-red dye, and the object and utility of the various steps. The most ancient notion is that of animalizing the cotton by dung and blood, but experience has proved that without any animal matter the finest colour may be obtained. According to Dingler, the cotton is imbued with oil by steeping it in combinations of oil and soda; the oil is altered by repeated dryings at a high temperature; it attracts oxygen from the air, and thereby combines intimately with the cotton fibre, so as to increase the weight of the stuff. The dung, by a kind of fermentation, accelerates  the oxidizement, and hence crude oil is preferable to pure. In England, the mucilaginous oils of Gallipoli are preferred, and in Malabar, oils more or less rancid. The drying oils do not answer. The subsequent treatment with the alkaline liquors removes the excess of oil, which has not been oxidized and combined; a hard drying completely changes that which remains in the fibred; the aluming which follows combines alumina with the cotton; the galling tans the fibres, producing a triple compound of oil and alum, which fixed the colouring matter. The object of the other steps is obvious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Wuttich, the treatment with oil opens the cotton so as to admit the mordant and the colouring matter, but the oil and soap do not combine with the fibres. In the alkaline baths which follow, the oil is transformed into soap and removed; whence the cotton should not increase in weight in the galling and aluming; the cotton suffers a kind of tanning, and the saline parts of the blood assist in fixing the madder dye.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="German_process"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The German process improved&lt;/strong&gt;, according to Dingler, consists of the following operations: mordant of an oily soap or a soapy liniment, hard drying; alkaline bath, drying, steeping, rinsing away of the uncombined mordant, drying; galling, drying; aluming, drying, steeping in water containing chalk, rinsing; maddering, airing, rinsing; brightening with an alkaline boil, and afterwards in a bath containing salt of tin; then washing and drying. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The yarn or the cloth must be first well worked in a bath of sheep's dung and oil, compounded as follows: - 25 pounds of sheep's dung are to be bruised in a solution of pure caustic potash of hydrometer strength 3&amp;deg;, and the mixed liquor is to be passed through a sieve. Two pounds of fine oil are now to be poured into 16 pounds of this lye, after which 30 pounds of coarse oil are to be added, with agitation for &amp;frac14; of an hour. Other 4 pounds of hot ley are to be well stirred in, till the whole is homogeneous. This proportion of mordant is sufficient for 100 pounds of cotton yarn, for 90 pounds of unbleached or 100 pounds of bleached cotton goods. The cotton stuff, after being well  wrung out, is to be laid in a chest and covered with a lid loaded with weights, in which state it should remain for five days. At the end of 24 hours, the cotton becomes hot with fermentation, gets imbued with the mordant, and the oil becomes rapidly altered. The goods are next exposed freely to the air during the day, and in the evening they are dried in a hot chamber, exposed to a temperature of 158&amp;deg; F., for 6 or 8 hours, which promotes the oxidizement of the oil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The goods are now passed the second time through a soapy-oil mordant similar to the first, then dried in the air by day, and in the hot stove by night. The third a
